{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:38:07Z","timestamp":1790642287178,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,20]],"date-time":"2014-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1403222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>New Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:bold>What is the central question of this study?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Data on human carotid body (CB) function are limited. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate whether the human CB releases acetylcholine, ATP or cytokines during hypoxia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:bold>What is the main finding and its importance?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Using human CBs, we demonstrate hypoxia\u2010induced acetylcholine and ATP release, suggesting that these neurotransmitters, as in several experimental animal models, play a role in hypoxic signalling also in the human carotid body. Moreover, the human CB releases cytokines upon hypoxia and expresses cytokine receptors as well as hypoxia\u2010inducible factor proteins HIF\u20101\u03b1 and HIF\u20102\u03b1 in glomus cells, indicating their role in immune signalling and oxygen sensing, respectively, in accordance with previous animal data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Studies on experimental animals established that the carotid bodies are sensory organs for detecting arterial blood O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> levels and that the ensuing chemosensory reflex is a major regulator of cardiorespiratory functions during hypoxia. However, little information is available on the human carotid body responses to hypoxia. The present study was performed on human carotid bodies obtained from surgical patients undergoing elective head and neck cancer surgery. Our results show that exposing carotid body slices to hypoxia for a period as brief as 5\u00a0min markedly facilitates the release of ACh and ATP. Furthermore, prolonged hypoxia for 1\u00a0h induces an increased release of interleukin (IL)\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20104, IL\u20106, IL\u20108 and IL\u201010. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that type\u00a01 cells of the human carotid body express an array of cytokine receptors as well as hypoxia\u2010inducible factor\u20101\u03b1 and hypoxia\u2010inducible factor\u20102\u03b1. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ACh and ATP are released from the human carotid body in response to hypoxia, suggesting that these neurotransmitters, as in several experimental animal models, play a role in hypoxic signalling also in the human carotid body. The finding that the human carotid body releases cytokines in response to hypoxia adds to the growing body of information suggesting that the carotid body may play a role in detecting inflammation, providing a link between the immune system and the nervous system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2014.078873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,31]],"date-time":"2014-05-31T04:01:44Z","timestamp":1401508904000},"page":"1089-1098","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["The human carotid body releases acetylcholine, ATP and cytokines during hypoxia"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"K\u00e5hlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Surgical Services and Intensive Care Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm 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