{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:22:58Z","timestamp":1790623378502,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]],"date-time":"2014-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FS\/12\/2\/29300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FS\/12\/2\/29300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>New Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:bold>What is the topic of this review?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>The topic of the review is the intrinsic cardiac nervous system in the rabbit.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:bold>What advances does it highlight?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>The anatomy of rabbit intrinsic ganglia is similar to that of other species, including humans. Immunohistochemistry confirms the presence of cholinergic and adrenergic neurones, with a striking arrangement of neuronal nitric oxide synthase\u2010positive cell bodies. Activation of atrial ganglia produces effects on local and remote regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Heart disease is a primary cause of mortality in the developed world, and it is well recognized that neural mechanisms play an important role in many cardiac pathologies. The role of extrinsic autonomic nerves has traditionally attracted the most attention. However, there is a rich intrinsic innervation of the heart, including numerous cardiac ganglia (ganglionic plexuses), that has the potential to affect cardiac function independently as well as to influence the actions of the extrinsic nerves. To investigate this, an isolated, perfused, innervated rabbit Langendorff heart preparation was considered the best option. Although ganglionic plexuses have been well described for several species, there was no full description of the anatomy and histochemistry of rabbit hearts. To this end, rabbit intrinsic ganglia were located using acetylcholinesterase histology (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a033 hearts). This revealed six generalized ganglionic regions, defined as a left neuronal complex above the left pulmonary vein, a right neuronal complex around the base of right cranial vein, three scattered in the dorsal right atrium and a region containing numerous ventricular ganglia located on the conus arteriosus. Using immunohistochemistry, neurons were found to contain choline acetyltransferase or tyrosine hydroxylase and\/or neuronal nitric oxide synthase in differing amounts (choline acetyltransferase\u00a0&gt;\u00a0tyrosine hydroxylase\u00a0&gt;\u00a0neuronal nitric oxide synthase). The function of rabbit intrinsic ganglia was investigated using a bolus application of nicotine or electrical stimulation at each of the above sites whilst measuring heart rate and atrioventricular conduction. Nicotine applied to different ganglionic plexuses caused a bradycardia, a tachycardia or a mixture of the two, with the right atrial plexus producing the largest chronotropic responses. Electrical stimulation at these sites induced only a bradycardia. Atrioventricular conduction was modestly changed by nicotine, the main response being a prolongation. Electrical stimulation produced significant prolongation of atrioventricular conduction, particularly when the right neuronal complex was stimulated. These studies show that the intrinsic plexuses of the heart are important and could be crucial for understanding impairments of cardiac function. Additionally, they provide a strong basis from which to progress using the isolated, innervated rabbit heart preparation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2014.080168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,27]],"date-time":"2014-09-27T04:15:25Z","timestamp":1411791325000},"page":"348-353","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["The heart's \u2018little brain\u2019 controlling cardiac function in the rabbit"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Kieran E.","family":"Brack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Sciences Cardiology Group Glenfield Hospital University of Leicester  UK"},{"name":"Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease Glenfield Hospital  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","first-page":"118","volume-title":"Basic and Clinical Neurocardiology","author":"Ardell JL","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R906","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1996.270.4.R906","article-title":"Histamine\u2010sensitive intrinsic cardiac and intrathoracic extracardiac neurons influence cardiodynamics","volume":"270","author":"Armour JA","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","first-page":"277","article-title":"Intrinsic cardiac neurons involved in cardiac regulation possess alpha 1\u2010, alpha 2\u2010, beta 1\u2010 and beta 2\u2010adrenoceptors","volume":"13","author":"Armour JA","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(93)90029-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"Architecture and age\u2010related analysis of the neuronal number of the guinea pig intrinsic cardiac nerve plexus","volume":"187","author":"Batulevicius D","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2007.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.22.2958"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","unstructured":"BrackKE(2003). 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