{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:25:12Z","timestamp":1780068312211,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,9]],"date-time":"2015-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1428537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We studied the interaction between the primary visual cortex and the primary motor cortex using paired transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with an interstimulus interval (ISI) in the range 12\u201340\u00a0ms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The connection is inhibitory at rest and possibly mediated by inhibitory interneurones in the motor cortex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The effect with an ISI\u00a0of 40\u00a0ms reverses into facilitation during a visuomotor (but not audiomotor) reaction task. By contrast, there is no change in inhibition with an ISI\u00a0of 18\u00a0ms, suggesting that separate pathways can be probed at different ISIs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We conclude that a physiologically relevant occipito\u2010motor connection can be activated by means of TMS. It may contribute to visuomotor integration, as well as being involved in certain types of visual epilepsy.\n<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The major link between the visual and motor systems is via the dorsal stream pathways from visual to parietal and frontal areas of the cortex. Although the pathway appears to be indirect, there is evidence that visual input can reach the motor cortex at relatively short latency. To shed some light on its neural basis, we studied the visuomotor interaction using paired transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Motor\u2010evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from the right first dorsal interosseous in sixteen healthy volunteers. A conditioning stimulus (CS) was applied over the phosphene hotspot of the visual cortex, followed by a test stimulus over the left primary motor cortex (M1) with a random interstimulus interval (ISI)\u00a0 in range 12\u201340\u00a0ms. The effects of paired stimulation were retested during visual and auditory reaction\u2010time tasks (RT). Finally, we measured the effects of a CS on short\u2010interval intracortical inhibition (SICI). At rest, a CS over the occiput significantly (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.001) suppressed test MEPs with an ISI in the range 18\u201340\u00a0ms. In the visual RT, inhibition with an ISI\u00a0of 40\u00a0ms (but not 18\u00a0ms) was replaced by a time\u2010specific facilitation (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.001), whereas, in the auditory RT, the CS no longer had any effect on MEPs. Finally, an occipital CS facilitated SICI with an ISI\u00a0of 40\u00a0ms (<jats:italic>P\u00a0&lt;\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.01). We conclude that it is possible to study separate functional connections from visual to motor cortices using paired\u2010TMS with an ISI\u00a0in the range 18\u201340\u00a0ms. The connections are inhibitory at rest and possibly mediated by inhibitory interneurones in the motor cortex. The effect with an ISI\u00a0of 40\u00a0ms reverses into facilitation during a visuomotor RT but not an audiomotor RT. This suggests that it plays a role in visuomotor integration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp270135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,11]],"date-time":"2015-03-11T05:53:00Z","timestamp":1426053180000},"page":"2365-2377","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Interaction between visual and motor cortex: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"593","author":[{"given":"Gionata","family":"Strigaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders University College London Institute of Neurology  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine Section of Neurology University of Piemonte Orientale \u2018A.\u00a0Avogadro\u2019  Novara Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Ruge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders University College London Institute of Neurology  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jui\u2010Cheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders University College London Institute of Neurology  London UK"},{"name":"Neuroscience Laboratory Department of Neurology China Medical University Hospital  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine China Medical University  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders University College London Institute of Neurology  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahalekshmi","family":"Desikan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders University College 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