{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T21:36:34Z","timestamp":1789940194288,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,13]],"date-time":"2015-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1439424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"American Physiological Society's"},{"name":"Excellence in Respiratory Physiology and Medicine"},{"name":"Defense Medical Research and Development Program","award":["W81XWH-10-2-0114, DM1027581 JTCG5 TATRC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-10-2-0114, DM1027581 JTCG5 TATRC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is present in \u223c35% of the general population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The respiratory system participates in thermoregulation via evaporative and convective heat loss so blood flow that bypasses the respiratory system, e.g. through a PFO, may not participate in respiratory system cooling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We found that subjects with a PFO (PFO+) had a \u223c0.4\u00b0C higher oesophageal temperature (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>oesoph<\/jats:sub>) than subjects without a PFO (PFO\u2212) during pre\u2010exercise and exercise.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>oesoph<\/jats:sub> in PFO+ subjects was associated with the estimated size of the PFO whereby subjects with a large PFO had a greater <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>oesoph<\/jats:sub> than PFO\u2212 subjects and subjects with a small PFO.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>During high intensity exercise breathing cold and dry air, PFO+ subjects achieved a higher <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>oesoph<\/jats:sub> than PFO\u2013 subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Absence of respiratory system cooling of shunted blood partially explains the differences in <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>oesoph<\/jats:sub> between PFO+ and PFO\u2013 subjects; other differences in thermoregulatory responses that impact core temperature also likely exist.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Respiratory system cooling occurs via convective and evaporative heat loss, so right\u2010to\u2010left shunted blood flow through a patent foramen ovale (PFO) would not be cooled. Accordingly, we hypothesized that PFO+ subjects would have a higher core temperature than PFO\u2013 subjects due, in part, to absence of respiratory system cooling of the shunted blood and that this effect would be dependent upon the estimated PFO size and inspired air temperature. Subjects were screened for the presence and size of a PFO using saline contrast echocardiography. Thirty well\u2010matched males (15 PFO\u2212, 8 large PFO+, 7 small PFO+) completed cycle ergometer exercise trials on three separate days. During Trial 1, subjects completed a <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp6777-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00223751:media:tjp6777:tjp6777-math-0001\"\/> test. For Trials 2 and 3, randomized, subjects completed four 2.5\u00a0min stages at 25, 50, 75 and 90% of the maximum workload achieved during Trial 1, breathing either ambient air (20.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.0\u00b0C) or cold air (1.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.5\u00b0C). PFO+ subjects had a higher oesophageal temperature (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>oesoph<\/jats:sub>) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) than PFO\u2212 subjects on Trial 1. During exercise breathing cold and dry air, PFO+ subjects achieved a higher <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>oesoph<\/jats:sub> than PFO\u2212 subjects (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Subjects with a large PFO, but not those with a small PFO, had a higher <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>oesoph<\/jats:sub> than PFO\u2212 subjects (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) during Trial 1 and increased <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>oesoph<\/jats:sub> breathing cold and dry air. These data suggest that the presence and size of a PFO are associated with <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>oesoph<\/jats:sub> in healthy humans but this is explained only partially by absence of respiratory system cooling of shunted blood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp270219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]],"date-time":"2015-07-14T17:13:20Z","timestamp":1436894000000},"page":"4615-4630","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Higher oesophageal temperature at rest and during exercise in humans with patent foramen ovale"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"593","author":[{"given":"James T.","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology University of Oregon  Eugene OR USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi\u2010Yan A.","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology University of Oregon  Eugene OR 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