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These findings highlight the growing realization that current pharmacological and device therapies rarely reverse disease progression and rationalize a focus on novel means to reverse, repair and re\u2010vascularize damaged hearts. As such, multiple candidate cell types have been used to regenerate damaged hearts either directly (through differentiation to form new tissue) or indirectly (via paracrine effects). Emerging literature suggests that robust engraftment of electrophysiolgically heterogeneous tissue from transplanted cells comes at the cost of a high incidence of ventricular arrhythmias. Similar electrophysiological studies of haematological stem cells raised early concerns that transplant of depolarized, inexcitable cells that also induce paracrine\u2010mediated electrophysiological remodelling may be pro\u2010arrhythmic. However, meta\u2010analyses suggest that patients receiving haematological stem cells paradoxically may experience a decrease in ventricular arrhythmias, an observation potentially related to the extremely poor long\u2010term survival of injected cells. Finally, early clinical and preclinical data from technologies capable of differentiating to a mature cardiomyocyte phenotype (such as cardiac\u2010derived stem cells) suggests that these cells are not pro\u2010arrhythmic although they too lack robust long\u2010term engraftment. These results highlight the growing understanding that as next generation cell therapies are developed, emphasis should also be placed on understanding possible anti\u2010arrhythmic contributions of transplanted cells while vigilance is needed to predict and treat the inadvertent effects of regenerative cell therapies on the electrophysiological stability of the ischaemic cardiomyopathic heart.\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp6974-gra-0001-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp270540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,20]],"date-time":"2015-11-20T11:40:42Z","timestamp":1448019642000},"page":"2511-2524","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Electrical effects of stem cell transplantation for ischaemic cardiomyopathy: friend or foe?"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"594","author":[{"given":"Seth","family":"Mount","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ottawa Heart Institute  Ottawa Canada K1Y 4W7"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darryl R.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ottawa Heart Institute  Ottawa Canada K1Y 4W7"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000174794.22491.a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000152325.07495.5a"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-012-2072-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_5_1","first-page":"NCT01569178","article-title":"BAMI. 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