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The K\u00f6lliker\u2013Fuse (KF) maintains upper airway patency and a normal respiratory pattern.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>In this study, activation of \u03bc opioid receptors in the KF reduced respiratory frequency and tidal volume in anaesthetized rats.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\n                            Nerve recordings in an\n                            <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                            preparation showed that activation of \u03bc opioid receptors in the KF eliminated the post\u2010inspiration phase of the respiratory cycle.\n                          <\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>In brain slices, \u03bc opioid agonists hyperpolarized a distinct population (61%) of KF neurons by activation of an inwardly rectifying potassium conductance.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>These results suggest that KF neurons that are hyperpolarized by opioids could contribute to opioid\u2010induced respiratory disturbances, particularly the impairment of upper airways.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Opioid\u2010induced respiratory effects include aspiration and difficulty swallowing, suggesting impairment of the upper airways. The pontine K\u00f6lliker\u2013Fuse nucleus (KF) controls upper airway patency and regulates respiration, in particular the inspiratory\/expiratory phase transition. Given the importance of the KF in coordinating respiratory pattern, the mechanisms of \u03bc opioid receptor activation in this nucleus were investigated at the systems and cellular level. In anaesthetized, vagi\u2010intact rats, injection of opioid agonists DAMGO or [Met\n                      <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                      ]enkephalin (ME) into the KF reduced respiratory frequency and amplitude. The \u03bc opioid agonist DAMGO applied directly into the KF of the\n                      <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                      arterially perfused working heart\u2013brainstem preparation of rat resulted in robust apneusis (lengthened low amplitude inspiration due to loss of post\u2010inspiratory drive) that was rapidly reversed by the opioid antagonist naloxone. In brain slice preparations, activation of \u03bc opioid receptors on KF neurons hyperpolarized a distinct population (61%) of neurons. As expected, the opioid\u2010induced hyperpolarization reduced the excitability of the neuron in response to either current injection or local application of glutamate. In voltage\u2010clamp recordings the outward current produced by the opioid agonist ME was concentration dependent, reversed at the potassium equilibrium potential and was blocked by BaCl\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , characteristics of a G protein\u2010coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) conductance. The clinically used drug morphine produced an outward current in KF neurons with similar potency to morphine\u2010mediated currents in locus coeruleus brain slice preparations. Thus, the population of KF neurons that are hyperpolarized by \u03bc opioid agonists are likely mediators of the opioid\u2010induced loss of post\u2010inspiration and induction of apneusis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp270822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,15]],"date-time":"2015-07-15T05:21:52Z","timestamp":1436937712000},"page":"4453-4469","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":145,"title":["\u03bc opioid receptor activation hyperpolarizes respiratory\u2010controlling K\u00f6lliker\u2013Fuse neurons and suppresses post\u2010inspiratory drive"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"593","author":[{"given":"Erica S.","family":"Levitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vollum Institute Oregon Health and Science University Portland OR 97239 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana P.","family":"Abdala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physiology and Pharmacology University of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TD UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian F. 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