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CIH and sleep apnoea are characterized by increased reactive oxygen species formation, peripheral and CNS inflammation, neuronal death and neurocognitive deficits. Few studies have examined the role of microglia, the resident CNS immune cells, in models of CIH. Thus, little is known concerning their direct contributions to neuropathology or the cellular mechanisms regulating their activities during or following pathological CIH. In this review, we identify gaps in knowledge regarding CIH\u2010induced microglial activation, and propose mechanisms based on data from related models of hypoxia and\/or hypoxia\u2013reoxygenation. CIH may directly affect microglia, or may have indirect effects via the periphery or other CNS cells. Peripheral inflammation may indirectly activate microglia via entry of pro\u2010inflammatory molecules into the CNS, and\/or activation of vagal afferents that trigger CNS inflammation. CIH\u2010induced release of damage\u2010associated molecular patterns from injured CNS cells may also activate microglia via interactions with pattern recognition receptors expressed on microglia. For example, Toll\u2010like receptors activate mitogen\u2010activated protein kinase\/transcription factor pathways required for microglial inflammatory gene expression. Although epigenetic effects from CIH have not yet been studied in microglia, potential epigenetic mechanisms in microglial regulation are discussed, including microRNAs, histone modifications and DNA methylation. Epigenetic effects can occur during CIH, or long after it has ended. A better understanding of CIH effects on microglial activities may be important to reverse CIH\u2010induced neuropathology in patients with sleep disordered breathing.\n                    <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                      <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp7110-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                        <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                      <\/jats:graphic>\n                    <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp271502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,18]],"date-time":"2016-02-18T17:09:45Z","timestamp":1455815385000},"page":"1563-1577","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Mechanisms of microglial activation in models of inflammation and hypoxia: Implications for chronic intermittent hypoxia"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"594","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Kiernan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biosciences University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison WI 53706 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie M. 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