{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:27:22Z","timestamp":1792193242293,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]],"date-time":"2016-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Brain and viscera interplay within the autonomic nervous system where the vagus nerve (VN), containing approximately 80% afferent and 20% efferent fibres, plays multiple key roles in the homeostatic regulations of visceral functions. Recent data have suggested the anti\u2010inflammatory role of the VN. This vagal function is mediated through several pathways, some of them still debated. The first one is the anti\u2010inflammatory hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis which is stimulated by vagal afferent fibres and leads to the release of cortisol by the adrenal glands. The second one, called the cholinergic anti\u2010inflammatory pathway, is mediated through vagal efferent fibres that synapse onto enteric neurons which release acetylcholine (ACh) at the synaptic junction with macrophages. ACh binds to \u03b1\u20107\u2010nicotinic ACh receptors of those macrophages to inhibit the release of tumour necrosis (TNF)\u03b1, a pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine. The last pathway is the splenic sympathetic anti\u2010inflammatory pathway, where the VN stimulates the splenic sympathetic nerve. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) released at the distal end of the splenic nerve links to the \u03b22 adrenergic receptor of splenic lymphocytes that release ACh. Finally, ACh inhibits the release of TNF\u03b1 by spleen macrophages through \u03b1\u20107\u2010nicotinic ACh receptors. Understanding of these pathways is interesting from a therapeutic point of view, since they could be targeted in various ways to stimulate anti\u2010inflammatory regulation in TNF\u03b1\u2010related diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Among others, VN stimulation, either as an invasive or non\u2010invasive procedure, is becoming increasingly frequent and several clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the potential effectiveness of this therapy to alleviate chronic inflammation.\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp7242-gra-0001-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp271539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,10]],"date-time":"2016-04-10T12:16:15Z","timestamp":1460290575000},"page":"5781-5790","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":516,"title":["Anti\u2010inflammatory properties of the vagus nerve: potential therapeutic implications of vagus nerve stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"594","author":[{"given":"Bruno","family":"Bonaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic of Hepato\u2010Gastroenterology University Hospital  F\u201038000 Grenoble France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN Inserm  U1216 F\u201038000 Grenoble France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Sinniger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic of Hepato\u2010Gastroenterology University Hospital  F\u201038000 Grenoble France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN Inserm  U1216 F\u201038000 Grenoble France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Pellissier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic of Hepato\u2010Gastroenterology University Hospital  F\u201038000 Grenoble France"},{"name":"Department of 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