{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T05:46:50Z","timestamp":1775800010909,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,24]],"date-time":"2016-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,24]],"date-time":"2016-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\n                            Reductions in cerebral blood flow (CBF) may be implicated in the development of neuromuscular fatigue; however, the contribution from hypocapnic\u2010induced reductions (i.e. ) in CBF\n                            <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                            reductions in CBF\n                            <jats:italic>per se<\/jats:italic>\n                            has yet to be isolated.\n                          <\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We assessed neuromuscular function while using indomethacin to selectively reduce CBF without changes in  and controlled hyperventilation\u2010induced hypocapnia to reduce both CBF and .<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Increased corticospinal excitability appears to be exclusive to reductions in  but not reductions in CBF, whereas sub\u2010optimal voluntary output from the motor cortex is moderately associated with decreased CBF independent of changes in .<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>These findings suggest that changes in CBF and  have distinct roles in modulating neuromuscular function.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Although reductions in cerebral blood flow (CBF) may be involved in central fatigue, the contribution from hypocapnia\u2010induced reductions in CBF versus reductions in CBF\n                      <jats:italic>per se<\/jats:italic>\n                      has not been isolated. This study examined whether reduced arterial  (), independent of concomitant reductions in CBF, impairs neuromuscular function. Neuromuscular function, as indicated by motor\u2010evoked potentials (MEPs), maximal M\u2010wave (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and cortical voluntary activation (cVA) of the flexor carpi radialis muscle during isometric wrist flexion, was assessed in ten males (29\u00a0\u00b1\u00a010\u00a0years) during three separate conditions: (1) cyclooxygenase inhibition using indomethacin (Indomethacin, 1.2\u00a0mg\u00a0kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) to selectively reduce CBF by 28.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a010.3% (estimated using transcranial Doppler ultrasound) without changes in end\u2010tidal  (); (2) controlled iso\u2010oxic hyperventilation\u2010induced reductions in  (Hypocapnia),\n                      <jats:sub>\u00a0<\/jats:sub>\n                      =\u00a030.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.5\u00a0mmHg with related reductions in CBF (21.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06.3%); and (3) isocapnic hyperventilation (Isocapnia) to examine the potential direct influence of hyperventilation\u2010mediated activation of respiratory control centres on CBF and changes in neuromuscular function. Change in MEP amplitude (%\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) from baseline was greater in Hypocapnia tha in Isocapnia (11.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a09.8%, 95% confidence interval (CI) [2.6, 20.7],\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.01) and Indomethacin (13.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a011.3%, 95% CI [2.8, 23.7],\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.01) with a large Cohen's effect size (\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2265 1.17). Although not statistically significant, cVA was reduced with a moderate effect size in Indomethacin (\n                      <jats:italic>d\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.7) and Hypocapnia (\n                      <jats:italic>d\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.9) compared to Isocapnia. In summary, increased corticospinal excitability \u2013 as reflected by larger MEP amplitude \u2013 appears to be exclusive to reduced , but not reductions in CBF\n                      <jats:italic>per se<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Sub\u2010optimal voluntary output from the motor cortex is moderately associated with decreased CBF, independent of reduced .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp271914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,2]],"date-time":"2016-02-02T10:20:29Z","timestamp":1454408429000},"page":"3423-3437","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Corticospinal excitability is associated with hypocapnia but not changes in cerebral blood flow"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"594","author":[{"given":"Geoffrey L.","family":"Hartley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology Brock University  St. Catharines Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Physical and Health Education, Schulich School of Education Nipissing University  North Bay Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cody L.","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology Brock University  St. Catharines Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip N.","family":"Ainslie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences University of British Columbia \u2013 Okanagan Campus  Kelowna British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig D.","family":"Tokuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology Brock University  St. Catharines Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Greenway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael G. 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