{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T05:15:43Z","timestamp":1790486143544,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,4]],"date-time":"2016-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001405","name":"Tata Institute of Fundamental Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10P\u2010809, 11P\u20101606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10P\u2010809, 11P\u20101606"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001405","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The digestive tract of larval and adult <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic> is an excellent analogue of the mammalian gut. Enterocytes of the posterior midgut are separated by septa, with no paracellular path, and therefore perform both immune and transport functions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Using microperfusion electrophysiology, we show that larvae emerging from the embryo into sterile medium have symmetrical apical and basal membrane conductances while larvae emerging into non\u2010sterile medium have apical membranes fivefold more conductive than basal membranes. The channels inserted into the apical membranes could originate in microbiata or host and mediate recognition of microbes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Entomopathogenic cyclic peptide toxins deplete intracellular ions reversibly, forming transient ion channels that do not conduct water, unlike an ionophore like nystatin that depletes ions irreversibly.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We show the feasibility of studying the interaction of a single microbial species, or tractable combinatorials of microbial species, with only enterocytes in the primary epithelial barrier.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Microbiota colonizing exposed epithelial surfaces are vital for sustenance of metazoan life, but communication between microbiota, epithelial cells and the host immune system is only beginning to be understood. We address this issue in the posterior midgut epithelium of <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic> larvae where nutrient transport and immune functions are exclusively transcellular. We showed that larvae emerging into a sterile post\u2010embryonic environment have symmetrical apical and basal membranes. In contrast, larvae emerging into non\u2010sterile media, the source of microbiota, have markedly asymmetrical membranes, with apical membrane conductance more than fivefold higher than the basal membrane. As an example of pathogen action, we showed that the entomopathogenic fungal toxin destruxin A (Dx) depleted intracellular ions. Reversibility of action of Dx was verified by bilayer reconstitution in forming transient non\u2010specific channels that conduct ions but not water. Dx was also less effective from the apical side as compared to the basal side of the epithelium. We also showed that intercellular septa are not conductive in non\u2010sterile cells, even though most cells are isopotential. Luminal microbiota therefore impart asymmetry to the epithelium, by activation of apical membrane conductance, enhancing inter\u2010enterocyte communication, separated by insulating septa, via the gut lumen. These results also open the possibility of studying the basis of bidirectional molecular conversation specifically between enterocytes and microbiota that enables discrimination between commensals and pathogens, establishment of the former, and elimination of the latter.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp272617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,4]],"date-time":"2016-07-04T09:16:43Z","timestamp":1467623803000},"page":"523-539","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Electrolyte transport pathways induced in the midgut epithelium of <i>Drosophila melanogaster<\/i> larvae by commensal gut microbiota and pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"595","author":[{"given":"Shubha R.","family":"Shanbhag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tata Institute of Fundamental Research  Colaba Mumbai 400 005 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham T.","family":"Vazhappilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tata Institute of Fundamental Research  Colaba Mumbai 400 005 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhay","family":"Sane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tata Institute of Fundamental Research  Colaba Mumbai 400 005 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie M.","family":"D'Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tata Institute of Fundamental Research  Colaba Mumbai 400 005 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subrata","family":"Tripathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tata Institute of Fundamental Research  Colaba Mumbai 400 005 India"},{"name":"Institute of Physics  Sachivalaya Marg Bhubaneswar 751 005 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.003970"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.741"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/CBB:46:1:65"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2016.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"169","volume-title":"Current Topics in Membranes and Transport","author":"Boulpaep EL","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01117-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2016.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002272"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2011.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-010814-020822"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1206136109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jipa.1996.0021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35086601"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2011.01600.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.56.1.125"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1058709"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001300"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1105994108"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1114907108"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10863"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04371"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","unstructured":"Molecular Devices(2011).Axopatch: determine the capacitance of my bilayer. 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