{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:07:21Z","timestamp":1791421641996,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,14]],"date-time":"2016-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481673600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,14]],"date-time":"2016-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP130104661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP130104661"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG\/12\/6\/29670"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG\/12\/6\/29670"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["gr088373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["gr088373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Cardiac vagal tone is a strong predictor of health, although its central origins are unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Respiratory\u2010linked fluctuations in cardiac vagal tone give rise to respiratory sinus arryhthmia (RSA), with maximum tone in the post\u2010inspiratory phase of respiration.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>In the present study, we investigated whether respiratory modulation of cardiac vagal tone is intrinsically linked to post\u2010inspiratory respiratory control using the unanaesthetized working heart\u2010brainstem preparation of the rat.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Abolition of post\u2010inspiration, achieved by inhibition of the pontine Kolliker\u2010Fuse nucleus, removed post\u2010inspiratory peaks in efferent cardiac vagal activity and suppressed RSA, whereas substantial cardiac vagal tone persisted. After transection of the caudal pons, part of the remaining tone was removed by inhibition of nucleus of the solitary tract.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We conclude that cardiac vagal tone depends upon at least 3 sites of the pontomedullary brainstem and that a significant proportion arises independently of RSA.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cardiac vagal tone is a strong predictor of health, although its central origins are unknown. The rat working heart\u2010brainstem preparation shows strong cardiac vagal tone and pronounced respiratory sinus arrhythmia. In this preparation, recordings from the cut left cardiac vagal branch showed efferent activity that peaked in post\u2010inspiration, \u223c0.5\u00a0s before the cyclic minimum in heart rate (HR). We hypothesized that respiratory modulation of cardiac vagal tone and HR is intrinsically linked to the generation of post\u2010inspiration. Neurons in the pontine K\u00f6lliker\u2010Fuse nucleus (KF) were inhibited with bilateral microinjections of isoguvacine (50\u201370\u00a0nl, 10\u00a0m\n                      <jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>\n                      ) to remove the post\u2010inspiratory phase of respiration. This also abolished the post\u2010inspiratory peak of cardiac vagal discharge (and cyclical HR modulation), although a substantial level of activity remained. In separate preparations with intact cardiac vagal branches but sympathetically denervated by thoracic spinal pithing, cardiac chronotropic vagal tone was quantified by HR compared to its final level after systemic atropine (0.5\u00a0\u03bcm). Bilateral KF inhibition removed 88% of the cyclical fluctuation in HR but, on average, only 52% of the chronotropic vagal tone. Substantial chronotropic vagal tone also remained after transection of the brainstem through the caudal pons. Subsequent bilateral isoguvacine injections into the nucleus of the solitary tract further reduced vagal tone: remaining sources were untraced. We conclude that cardiac vagal tone depends on neurons in at least three sites of the pontomedullary brainstem, and much of it arises independently of respiratory sinus arrhythmia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp273164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,22]],"date-time":"2016-09-22T04:22:48Z","timestamp":1474518168000},"page":"7249-7265","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Brainstem sources of cardiac vagal tone and respiratory sinus arrhythmia"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"594","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6350-9379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David G.S.","family":"Farmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health University of Melbourne  Victoria 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