{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T23:45:59Z","timestamp":1777074359071,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]],"date-time":"2018-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R42DA043391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R42DA043391"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R56HL71140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56HL71140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01HL78931"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01HL78931"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"><jats:list-item><jats:p>It is unknown if a sex difference exists in cardiac apamin\u2010sensitive small conductance Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\u2010activated K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>(SK) current (<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>KAS<\/jats:sub>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>There is no sex difference in<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>KAS<\/jats:sub>in the basal condition. However, there is larger<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>KAS<\/jats:sub>in female rabbit ventricles than in male during isoproterenol infusion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>KAS<\/jats:sub>activation by isoproterenol leads to action potential triangulation in females, indicating its abundant activation at early phases of repolarization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>KAS<\/jats:sub>activation in females induces negative Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\u2013voltage coupling and promotes electromechanically discordant phase 2 repolarization alternans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>KAS<\/jats:sub>is important in the mechanisms of ventricular fibrillation in females during sympathetic stimulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sex has a large influence on cardiac electrophysiological properties. Whether sex differences exist in apamin\u2010sensitive small conductance Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\u2010activated K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>(SK) current (<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>KAS<\/jats:sub>) remains unknown. We performed optical mapping, transmembrane potential, patch clamp, western blot and immunostaining in 62 normal rabbit ventricles, including 32 females and 30 males.<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>KAS<\/jats:sub>blockade by apamin only minimally prolonged action potential (AP) duration (APD) in the basal condition for both sexes, but significantly prolonged APD in the presence of isoproterenol in females. Apamin prolonged APD at the level of 25% repolarization (APD<jats:sub>25<\/jats:sub>) more prominently than APD at the level of 80% repolarization (APD<jats:sub>80<\/jats:sub>), consequently reversing isoproterenol\u2010induced AP triangulation in females. In comparison, apamin prolonged APD to a significantly lesser extent in males and failed to restore the AP plateau during isoproterenol infusion.<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>KAS<\/jats:sub>in males did not respond to the L\u2010type calcium current agonist BayK8644, but was amplified by the casein kinase 2 (CK2) inhibitor 4,5,6,7\u2010tetrabromobenzotriazole. In addition, whole\u2010cell outward<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>KAS<\/jats:sub>densities in ventricular cardiomyocytes were significantly larger in females than in males. SK channel subtype 2 (SK2) protein expression was higher and the CK2\/SK2 ratio was lower in females than in males.<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>KAS<\/jats:sub>activation in females induced negative intracellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\u2013voltage coupling, promoted electromechanically discordant phase 2 repolarization alternans and facilitated ventricular fibrillation (VF). Apamin eliminated the negative Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\u2013voltage coupling, attenuated alternans and reduced VF inducibility, phase singularities and dominant frequencies in females, but not in males. We conclude that \u03b2\u2010adrenergic stimulation activates ventricular<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>KAS<\/jats:sub>in females to a much greater extent than in males.<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>KAS<\/jats:sub>activation plays an important role in ventricular arrhythmogenesis in females during sympathetic stimulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp275681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,19]],"date-time":"2018-06-19T14:45:14Z","timestamp":1529419514000},"page":"4299-4322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Sex\u2010specific activation of SK current by isoproterenol facilitates action potential triangulation and arrhythmogenesis in rabbit ventricles"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"596","author":[{"given":"Mu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dechun","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Harbin China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Harbin 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