{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:28:13Z","timestamp":1790821693994,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,29]],"date-time":"2018-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1138920"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1138920"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006630","name":"Lung Foundation Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006630","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>A cortical contribution to breathing, as indicated by a Bereitschaftspotential (BP) in averaged electroencephalographic signals, occurs in healthy individuals when external inspiratory loads are applied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a condition where changes in the lung, chest wall and respiratory muscles produce an internal inspiratory load. These changes also occur in normal ageing, although to a lesser extent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In the present study, we determined whether BPs are present during quiet breathing and breathing with an external inspiratory load in COPD compared to age\u2010matched and young healthy controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We demonstrated that increased age, rather than COPD, is associated with a cortical contribution to quiet breathing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>A cortical contribution to inspiratory loading is associated with more severe dyspnoea (i.e. the sensation of breathlessness).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We propose that cortical mechanisms may be engaged to defend ventilation in ageing with dyspnoea as a consequence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cortical contribution to breathing is determined by the presence of a Bereitschaftspotential, a low amplitude negativity in the averaged electroencephalographic (EEG) signal, which begins \u223c1\u00a0s before inspiration. It occurs in healthy individuals when external inspiratory loads to breathing are applied. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), changes in the lung, chest wall and respiratory muscles produce an internal inspiratory load. We hypothesized that there would be a cortical contribution to quiet breathing in COPD and that a cortical contribution to breathing with an inspiratory load would be linked to dyspnoea, a major symptom of COPD. EEG activity was analysed in 14 participants with COPD (aged 57\u201384\u00a0years), 16 healthy age\u2010matched (57\u201387\u00a0years) and 15 young (18\u201326\u00a0years) controls during quiet breathing and inspiratory loading. The presence of Bereitschaftspotentials, from ensemble averages of EEG epochs at Cz and FCz, were assessed by blinded assessors. Dyspnoea was rated using the Borg scale. The incidence of a cortical contribution to quiet breathing was significantly greater in participants with COPD (6\/14) compared to the young (0\/15) (<jats:italic>P\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.004) but not the age\u2010matched controls (6\/16) (<jats:italic>P\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.765). A cortical contribution to inspiratory loading was associated with higher Borg ratings (<jats:italic>P\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.007), with no effect of group (<jats:italic>P\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.242). The data show that increased age, rather than COPD, is associated with a cortical contribution to quiet breathing. A cortical contribution to inspiratory loading is associated with more severe dyspnoea. We propose that cortical mechanisms may be engaged to defend ventilation with dyspnoea as a consequence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp275764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]],"date-time":"2018-07-04T05:23:57Z","timestamp":1530681837000},"page":"6173-6189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Inspiratory pre\u2010motor potentials during quiet breathing in ageing and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"596","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3782-3540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A. T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Randwick NSW Australia"},{"name":"University of New South Wales  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire L.","family":"Boswell\u2010Ruys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Randwick NSW Australia"},{"name":"University of New South Wales  Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Prince of Wales Hospital  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel A.","family":"McBain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Randwick NSW Australia"},{"name":"University of New South Wales  Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Prince of Wales Hospital  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3503-2363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danny J.","family":"Eckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Randwick NSW Australia"},{"name":"University of New South Wales  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1345-3821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon C.","family":"Gandevia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Randwick NSW Australia"},{"name":"University of New South Wales  Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Prince of Wales Hospital  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5834-8152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane E.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Randwick NSW Australia"},{"name":"University of New South Wales  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0192-776X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna L.","family":"Hudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Randwick NSW Australia"},{"name":"University of New South Wales  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00038914"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","first-page":"85","article-title":"The construct of breathlessness","volume":"73","author":"Booth S","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir Monogr"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","first-page":"825","article-title":"The perception of breathlessness in asthma","volume":"126","author":"Burdon JG","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)91334-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.4.9105076"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2376-16.2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2004.028027"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-040510-130049"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01686-2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7556\/jaoa.2015.079"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01058.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-1419"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2012.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00063014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00093408"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201510-1929ED"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2012.02427.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-1767(00)90093-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0189-3_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5156"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00092613"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6793-6-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1991.sp018681"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00134014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2011.584085"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1517"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00163.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-206084"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2017.03.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00201.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2478"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-131-7-199910050-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","unstructured":"NguyenDAT Boswell\u2010RuysCL McBainRA EckertDJ GandeviaSC ButlerJE&HudsonAL(2016).Is there an abnormal cortical contribution to quiet breathing in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? InANS Sensorimotor Control Satellite Meeting. University of Tasmania Faculty of Health. Available at:http:\/\/www.utas.edu.au\/health\/research\/ans-sensorimotor-control-meeting[accessed 01 October 2017]."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200611-159CC"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-005-2551-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/252582a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201111-2042ST"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00080312"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.anes.0000287005.58761.e8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.120246"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2010.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-010-9270-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.04.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201506-379LE"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.149799"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-03970-1_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084534"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2014.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.126409"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S4950"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1113\/jp281802","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620604800000}}],"container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1113%2FJP275764","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/JP275764","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1113\/JP275764","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/JP275764","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T10:18:06Z","timestamp":1693995486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1113\/JP275764"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,29]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1113\/JP275764"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jp275764","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1113\/JP281802","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0022-3751","1469-7793"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3751","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7793","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-01-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-06-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-07-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}