{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:14:26Z","timestamp":1792649666334,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,31]],"date-time":"2018-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP\u2010125869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP\u2010125869"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Experimental pain or its anticipation influence motor preparation processes as well as upcoming movement execution, but the underlying physiological mechanisms remain unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Our results showed that movement\u2010related pain modulates corticospinal excitability during motor preparation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In accordance with the pain adaptation theory, corticospinal excitability was higher when the muscle has an antagonist (<jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. an agonist) role for the upcoming movement associated with pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Anticipation of movement\u2010related pain also affects motor initiation and execution, with slower movement initiation (longer reaction times) and faster movement execution compared to movements that do not evoke pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>These results confirm the implementation of protective strategies during motor preparation known to be relevant for acute pain, but which may potentially have detrimental long\u2010term consequences and lead to the development of chronic pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>When a movement repeatedly generates pain, we anticipate movement\u2010related pain and establish self\u2010protective strategies during motor preparation, but the underlying mechanisms remains poorly understood. The current study investigated the effect of movement\u2010related pain anticipation on the modulation of behaviour and corticospinal excitability during the preparation of arm movements. Participants completed an instructed\u2010delay reaction\u2010time (RT) task consisting of elbow flexions and extensions instructed by visual cues. Nociceptive laser stimulations (unconditioned stimuli) were applied to the lateral epicondyle during movement execution in a specific direction (CS+) but not in the other (CS\u2212), depending on experimental group. During motor preparation, transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to measure corticospinal excitability in the biceps brachii (BB). RT and peak end\u2010point velocity were also measured. Neurophysiological results revealed an opposite modulation of corticospinal excitability in BB depending on whether it plays an agonist (i.e. flexion) or antagonist (i.e. extension) role for the CS+ movements (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Moreover, behavioural results showed that for the CS+ movements RT did not change relative to baseline, whereas the CS\u2212 movements were initiated more quickly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.023) and the CS+ flexion movements were faster relative to the CS\u2212 flexion movements (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). This is consistent with the pain adaptation theory which proposes that in order to protect the body from further pain, agonist muscle activity is reduced and antagonist muscle activity is increased. If these strategies are initially relevant and lead to short\u2010term pain alleviation, they may potentially have detrimental long\u2010term consequences and lead to the development of chronic pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp276011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]],"date-time":"2018-06-01T02:57:58Z","timestamp":1527821878000},"page":"2917-2929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Effect of movement\u2010related pain on behaviour and corticospinal excitability changes associated with arm movement preparation"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"596","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0652-6372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9cilia","family":"Neige","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration  Qu\u00e9bec QC Canada"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Laval 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