{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T09:16:43Z","timestamp":1769159803976,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,4]],"date-time":"2018-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL102321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL102321"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01HL095491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01HL095491"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1RR025758\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1RR025758\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In most patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), there is a spontaneous resolution of the breathing disorders during slow wave sleep (SWS) for yet unknown reasons related to non\u2010anatomical factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Some recently identified forms of neural memory specific of upper airway muscles may play a role in this phenomenon.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In the present study, we show for the first time that a form of memory of the genioglossus (tongue) muscle is greatly enhanced during SWS compared to non\u2010rapid eye movement stage 2 sleep.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The present study represents a step forward in understanding the mechanisms responsible for the spontaneous development of stable breathing during SWS in OSA patients and may help the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies for this disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several studies have shown that obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) improves during slow wave sleep (SWS) for reasons that remain unclear. Recent studies have identified forms of neural memory such as short\u2010term potentiation or after\u2010discharge that can occur in response to upper airway obstruction. Neural memory may play a role in the development of stable breathing during SWS by increasing upper airway muscles activity in this sleep stage. We hypothesize that the after\u2010discharge of the genioglossus muscle following upper airway obstruction is enhanced during SWS compared to non\u2010rapid eye movement stage 2 (N2). During sleep, we performed five\u2010breath drops in continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP\u2010drop) to simulate obstructive events and reflexively activate the genioglossus. Immediately afterwards, CPAP was returned to an optimal level. Once the post\u2010drop ventilation returned to eupnoea, the genioglossus after\u2010discharge was measured as the time it took for genioglossus activity to return to baseline levels. In total, 171 CPAP\u2010drops were analysed from a group of 16 healthy subjects and 19 OSA patients. A mixed\u2010model analysis showed that after\u2010discharge duration during SWS was 208% (95% confidence interval\u00a0=\u00a0112% to 387%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.022) greater than during N2 after adjusting for covariates (ventilatory drive, CPAP levels). There was also a non\u2010significant trend for a \u201335% reduction in after\u2010discharge duration following an arousal <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. no\u2010arousal from sleep (95% confidence interval\u00a0=\u00a0\u201359.5% to 5%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.08). Genioglossus after\u2010discharge is two\u2010fold greater in SWS <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. N2, which could partly explain the breathing stabilization described in OSA patients during this sleep stage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp276618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]],"date-time":"2018-07-19T08:39:59Z","timestamp":1531989599000},"page":"5163-5173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Neural memory of the genioglossus muscle during sleep is stage\u2010dependent in healthy subjects and obstructive sleep apnoea patients"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"596","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7080-0335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Taranto\u2010Montemurro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders Departments of Medicine and Neurology Brigham &amp; Women's Hospital &amp; Harvard Medical School  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott A.","family":"Sands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders Departments of Medicine and Neurology Brigham &amp; Women's Hospital &amp; Harvard Medical School  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin P.","family":"Grace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center &amp; Harvard Medical School  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Azarbarzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders Departments of Medicine and Neurology Brigham &amp; Women's Hospital &amp; Harvard Medical School  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4142-9124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludovico","family":"Messineo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders Departments of Medicine and Neurology Brigham &amp; Women's Hospital &amp; Harvard Medical School  Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Laboratory Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences University of Brescia  Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Salant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders Departments of Medicine and Neurology Brigham &amp; Women's Hospital &amp; Harvard Medical School  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders Departments of Medicine and Neurology Brigham &amp; Women's Hospital &amp; Harvard Medical School  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. 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