{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:23:04Z","timestamp":1787016184824,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]],"date-time":"2019-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000145","name":"Alberta Innovates - Health Solutions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000145","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002879","name":"Canadian HIV Trials Network, Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["130306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["130306"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002879","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["402532"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402532"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Persistent inward currents (PICs) in spinal motoneurons are long\u2010lasting, voltage\u2010dependent currents that increase excitability; they are dramatically potentiated by serotonin, muscarine, and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Loss of these modulators (and the PIC) during sleep is hypothesized as a major contributor to REM sleep atonia.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Reduced excitability of XII motoneurons that drive airway muscles and maintain airway patency is causally implicated in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), but whether XII motoneurons possess a modulator\u2010sensitive PIC that could be a factor in the reduced airway tone of sleep is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\n                            Whole\u2010cell recordings from rat XII motoneurons in brain slices indicate that PIC amplitude increases \u223c50% between 1 and 23\u00a0days of age, when potentiation of the PIC by 5HT\n                            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                            , muscarinic, or \u03b1\n                            <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                            noradrenergic agonists peaks at &lt;50%, manyfold lower than the potentiation observed in spinal motoneurons.\n                          <\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\n                            \u03b1\n                            <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                            noradrenergic receptor activation produced changes in XII motoneuron firing behaviour consistent with PIC involvement, but indicators of strong PIC activation were never observed;\n                            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                            experiments are needed to determine the role of the modulator\u2010sensitive PIC in sleep\u2010dependent reductions in airway tone.\n                          <\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Hypoglossal (XII) motoneurons play a key role in maintaining airway patency; reductions in their excitability during sleep through inhibition and disfacilitation, i.e. loss of excitatory modulation, is implicated in obstructive sleep apnoea. In spinal motoneurons, 5HT\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , muscarinic and \u03b1\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      noradrenergic modulatory systems potentiate persistent inward currents (PICs) severalfold, dramatically increasing excitability. If the PICs in XII and spinal motoneurons are equally sensitive to modulation, loss of the PIC secondary to reduced modulatory tone during sleep could contribute to airway atonia. Modulatory systems also change developmentally. We therefore characterized developmental changes in magnitude of the XII motoneuron PIC and its sensitivity to modulation by comparing, in neonatal (P1\u20134) and juvenile (P14\u201323) rat brainstem slices, the PIC elicited by slow voltage ramps in the absence and presence of agonists for 5HT\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , muscarinic, and \u03b1\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      noradrenergic receptors. XII motoneuron PIC amplitude increased developmentally (from \u2212195\u00a0\u00b1\u00a012 to \u2212304\u00a0\u00b1\u00a019\u00a0pA). In neonatal XII motoneurons, the PIC was only potentiated by \u03b1\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      receptor activation (5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04%). In contrast, all modulators potentiated the juvenile XII motoneurons PIC (5HT\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , 5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05%; muscarine, 22\u00a0\u00b1\u00a011%; \u03b1\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      , 18\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05%). These data suggest that the influence of the PIC and its modulation on XII motoneuron excitability will increase with postnatal development. Notably, the modulator\u2010induced potentiation of the PIC in XII motoneurons was dramatically smaller than the 2\u2010 to 6\u2010fold potentiation reported for spinal motoneurons.\n                      <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      measurements are required to determine if the modulator\u2010sensitive, XII motoneuron PIC is an important factor in sleep\u2010state dependent reductions in airway tone.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp277572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T22:56:21Z","timestamp":1556664981000},"page":"3183-3201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Postnatal development of persistent inward currents in rat XII motoneurons and their modulation by serotonin, muscarine and noradrenaline"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"597","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6071-6866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann L.","family":"Revill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology University of Alberta  Edmonton AB Canada"},{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute University of Alberta  Edmonton AB Canada"},{"name":"Women and Children's Health Research Institute University of Alberta  Edmonton AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan Y.","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology University of Alberta  Edmonton AB Canada"},{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute University of Alberta  Edmonton AB Canada"},{"name":"Women and Children's Health Research Institute University of Alberta  Edmonton AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology University of Alberta  Edmonton AB Canada"},{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute University of Alberta  Edmonton AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle J.","family":"LeBlancq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Alberta  Edmonton AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3849-8110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clayton T.","family":"Dickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology University of Alberta  Edmonton AB Canada"},{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute University of Alberta  Edmonton AB Canada"},{"name":"Women and Children's Health Research Institute University of Alberta  Edmonton AB 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