{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:10:34Z","timestamp":1790665834926,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15SDG25890059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15SDG25890059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15SRCS003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15SRCS003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Repeated daily mild intermittent hypoxia has been endorsed as a therapy to promote the recovery of respiratory and limb motor dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>One possible side\u2010effect of this therapy is an increase in apnoeic event number and duration, which is particularly relevant to participants with motor disorders coupled with an increased incidence of sleep apnoea.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>In this study, we report that increases in apnoeic event number and duration, following exposure to daily intermittent hypoxia, are the result of an increase in respiratory loop gain and the arousal threshold, in participants with obstructive sleep apnoea.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Daily exposure to mild intermittent hypoxia also led to an increase in the ventilatory response to arousal.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Accordingly, individuals with motor disorders receiving mild intermittent hypoxia as a therapy should be screened for the presence of sleep apnoea, and if present, administration of intermittent hypoxia during hours of wakefulness should be combined with continuous positive airway pressure treatment during sleep.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We determined if exposure to mild intermittent hypoxia (MIH) causes an increase in loop gain (LG) and the arousal threshold (AT) during non\u2010rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Male participants with obstructive sleep apnoea (apnoea\u2010hypopnoea index &gt;\u00a05\u00a0events\/h), matched for age, body mass index and race were divided into two groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      13 in each group). Following a baseline sleep study, one group was exposed to twelve 4\u2010min episodes of hypoxia each day for 10\u00a0days and the other group to a sham protocol (SP). On Days 1 and 10, a sleep study was completed following exposure to MIH or the SP. For each sleep study, LG and the AT were measured during NREM sleep, using a model\u2010based approach, and expressed as a fraction of baseline measures. LG increased after exposure to MIH (Day 1: 1.11\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.03,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.002, Day 10: 1.17\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.05,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.001), but not after the SP (Day 1: 1.03\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.04,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      1.0, Day 10: 1.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.02,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      1.0). AT also increased after exposure to MIH (Day 1: 1.13\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.05,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.01, Day 10: 1.19\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.08,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.05) but not after the SP (Day 1: 1.04\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.05,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.6, Day 10: 0.96\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.04,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      1.0). Our results might account for increases in apnoea frequency and duration previously observed during NREM sleep following exposure to MIH. Our results also have implications for the use of MIH as a therapeutic modality.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp277711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,26]],"date-time":"2019-04-26T16:03:03Z","timestamp":1556294583000},"page":"3697-3711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Exposure to mild intermittent hypoxia increases loop gain and the arousal threshold in participants with obstructive sleep apnoea"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"597","author":[{"given":"Raichel M.","family":"Alex","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center  Detroit MI 48201 USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology Wayne State University School of Medicine  Detroit MI 48201 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gino S.","family":"Panza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center  Detroit MI 48201 USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology Wayne State University School of Medicine  Detroit MI 48201 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huzaifa","family":"Hakim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center  Detroit MI 48201 USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology Wayne State University School of Medicine  Detroit MI 48201 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Safwan","family":"Badr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John D. 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