{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:47:41Z","timestamp":1787316461523,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,2]],"date-time":"2019-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004913","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004913","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Humans lack skin receptors for wetness (i.e. hygroreceptors), yet we present a remarkable wetness sensitivity.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Afferent inputs from skin cold\u2010sensitive thermoreceptors are key for sensing wetness; yet, it is unknown whether males and females differ in their wetness sensitivity across their body and whether high intensity exercise modulates this sensitivity.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We mapped sensitivity to cold, neutral and warm wetness across five body regions and show that females are more sensitive to skin wetness than males, and that this difference is greater for cold than warm wetness sensitivity.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We also show that a single bout of maximal exercise reduced the sensitivity to skin wetness (i.e. hygro\u2010hypoesthesia) of both sexes as a result of concurrent decreases in thermal sensitivity.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>These novel findings clarify the physiological mechanisms underpinning this fundamental human sensory experience. In addition, they indicate sex differences in thermoregulatory responses and will inform the design of more effective sport and protective clothing, as well as thermoregulatory models.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Humans lack skin hygroreceptors and we rely on integrating cold and tactile inputs from A\u2010type skin nerve fibres to sense wetness. Yet, it is unknown whether sex and exercise independently modulate skin wetness sensitivity across the body. We mapped local sensitivity to cold, neutral and warm wetness of the forehead, neck, underarm, lower back and dorsal foot in 10\u00a0males (27.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.7\u00a0years; 1.92\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.1\u00a0m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      body surface area) and 10 females (25.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.9\u00a0years; 1.68\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.1\u00a0m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      body surface area), at rest and post maximal incremental running. Participants underwent our quantitative sensory test where they reported the magnitude of thermal and wetness perceptions (visual analogue scale) resulting from the application of a cold (5\u00b0C below skin temperature) wet (0.8\u00a0mL of water), neutral wet and warm wet (5\u00b0C above skin temperature) thermal probe (1.32\u00a0cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) to five skin sites. We found that: (i) females were \u223c14% to \u223c17% more sensitive to cold\u2010wetness than males, yet both sexes were as sensitive to neutral\u2010 and warm\u2010wetness; (ii) regional differences were present for cold\u2010wetness only, and these followed a craniocaudal increase that was more pronounced in males (i.e. the foot was \u223c31% more sensitive than the forehead); and (iii) maximal exercise reduced cold\u2010wetness sensitivity over specific regions in males (i.e. \u223c40% decrease in foot sensitivity), and also induced a generalized reduction in warm\u2010wetness sensitivity in both sexes (i.e. \u223c4% to \u223c6%). For the first time, we show that females are more sensitive to cold wetness than males and that maximal exercise induce hygro\u2010hypoesthesia. These novel findings expand our knowledge on sex differences in thermoregulatory physiology.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp277928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]],"date-time":"2019-05-16T02:30:24Z","timestamp":1557973824000},"page":"3315-3332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Thermosensory mapping of skin wetness sensitivity across the body of young males and females at rest and following maximal incremental running"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"597","author":[{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Valenza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"THERMOSENSELAB Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre Loughborough University  Loughborough UK"},{"name":"Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit SPPF Department University of Palermo  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonino","family":"Bianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit SPPF Department University of Palermo  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5652-395X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Filingeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"THERMOSENSELAB Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre Loughborough University  Loughborough UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00054"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2012.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1972.33.6.699"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","volume-title":"Man and his thermal environment","author":"Clark R","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00584500"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darian\u2010SmithI(1984).Thermal sensibility. 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