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By contrast, the present study down\u2010conditioned the reflex during the swing\u2010phase of locomotion in people with hyperreflexia as a result of chronic incomplete SCI. The aim was to modify the functioning of the reflex in a specific phase of a dynamic movement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>This novel swing\u2010phase conditioning protocol decreased the reflex much faster and farther than did the steady\u2010state protocol in people or animals with or without SCI, and it also improved locomotion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The reflex decrease persisted for at least 6\u00a0months after conditioning ended.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The results suggest that conditioning reflex function in a specific phase of a dynamic movement offers a new approach to enhancing and\/or accelerating recovery after SCI or in other disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In animals and people with incomplete spinal cord injury, appropriate operant conditioning of a spinal reflex can improve impaired locomotion. In all previous conditioning studies, the reflex was conditioned during steady\u2010state maintenance of a stable posture; this steady\u2010state protocol aimed to change the excitability of the targeted reflex pathway; reflex size gradually changed over 8\u201310\u00a0weeks. The present study introduces a new protocol, comprising a dynamic protocol that aims to change the functioning of the reflex pathway during a specific phase of a complex movement. Specifically, we down\u2010conditioned the soleus H\u2010reflex during the swing\u2010phase of locomotion in people with hyperreflexia as a result of chronic incomplete SCI. The swing\u2010phase H\u2010reflex, which is absent or very small in neurologically normal individuals, is abnormally large in this patient population. The results were clear. With swing\u2010phase down\u2010conditioning, the H\u2010reflex decreased much faster and farther than did the H\u2010reflex in all previous animal or human studies with the steady\u2010state protocol, and the decrease persisted for at least 6 months after conditioning ended. The H\u2010reflex decrease was accompanied by improvements in walking speed and in the modulation of locomotor electromyograph activity in proximal and distal muscles of both legs. These results provide new insight into the factors controlling spinal reflex conditioning; they suggest that the conditioning protocols targeting reflex function in a specific movement phase provide a promising new opportunity to enhance functional recovery after SCI or in other disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp278173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]],"date-time":"2019-06-19T12:19:57Z","timestamp":1560946797000},"page":"2453-2469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["H\u2010reflex conditioning during locomotion in people with spinal cord injury"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"599","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9486-8537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aiko K.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Professions Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston SC 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