{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T08:16:04Z","timestamp":1768637764804,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,28]],"date-time":"2019-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Senior Investigator Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Senior Investigator Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000377","name":"Dunhill Medical Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTF97\/0117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTF97\/0117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Dynamic cerebral autoregulation (CA) is expressed by the temporal pattern of cerebral blood flow (CBF) recovery following a sudden change in arterial blood pressure (BP).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Transfer function analysis of BP as input and CBF velocity as output can express dynamic CA through its amplitude (or gain) and phase frequency responses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The upper frequency limit (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>upLim<\/jats:sub>) at which dynamic CA can operate is of considerable physiological interest and can also provide additional information about worsening CA due to disease processes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In healthy subjects <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>upLim<\/jats:sub> was strongly dependent on arterial <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp13879-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00223751:media:tjp13879:tjp13879-math-0001\"\/> changes induced by four different breathing manoeuvres.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The considerable intersubject variability in <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>upLim<\/jats:sub> suggests that fixed frequency bands should not be adopted for averaging values of gain and phase in studies of dynamic CA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dynamic cerebral autoregulation (CA) can be expressed in the frequency domain by the amplitude and phase frequency responses calculated by transfer function analysis of arterial blood pressure (BP) and cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV). We studied the effects of arterial <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp13879-math-0002.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00223751:media:tjp13879:tjp13879-math-0002\"\/> (<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp13879-math-0003.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00223751:media:tjp13879:tjp13879-math-0003\"\/>) on the upper frequency limit (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>upLim<\/jats:sub>) of these responses and its intersubject variability. Twenty\u2010four healthy subjects (11 female, age 36.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a013.4\u00a0years) were recruited. Recordings of CBFV (transcranial Doppler ultrasound), BP (Finometer) and end\u2010tidal CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp13879-math-0004.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00223751:media:tjp13879:tjp13879-math-0004\"\/>, capnography) were performed during 5\u00a0min at rest (normocapnia) and during four breathing manoeuvres: 5% and 8% CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> in air and hyperventilation targeting reductions of 5 and 10\u00a0mmHg compared to normocapnia. <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>upLim<\/jats:sub> was determined by the break point of the autoregulation index (ARI) curve as a function of frequency when the phase response was gradually set to zero. The five breathing conditions led to highly significant differences in <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp13879-math-0005.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00223751:media:tjp13879:tjp13879-math-0005\"\/> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001), CBFV (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001), ARI (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001) and <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>upLim<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001). <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>upLim<\/jats:sub> ranged from 0.167\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.036\u00a0Hz at the lowest values of hypocapnia (28.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.9\u00a0mmHg) to 0.094\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.040\u00a0Hz at the highest level of hypercapnia (41.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.4\u00a0mmHg), showing a correlation of <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.53 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) with <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp13879-math-0006.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00223751:media:tjp13879:tjp13879-math-0006\"\/>. These findings reinforce the key role of <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp13879-math-0007.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00223751:media:tjp13879:tjp13879-math-0007\"\/> in CBF regulation. The considerable intersubject variability of <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>upLim<\/jats:sub> suggests that fixed frequency bands should not be adopted for averaging values of gain and phase in dynamic CA studies, and that the higher frequency band (0.20\u20130.40\u00a0Hz), in particular, does not contain relevant information about dynamic CA. Further investigations are needed to assess the information value of <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>upLim<\/jats:sub> as a marker of dynamic CA efficiency in physiological and clinical studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp278710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T21:43:52Z","timestamp":1572558232000},"page":"5821-5833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The upper frequency limit of dynamic cerebral autoregulation"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"597","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6983-8707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronney B.","family":"Panerai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebral Haemodynamics in Ageing and Stroke Medicine (CHIASM) Research Group, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences University of Leicester  Leicester LE2 7LX UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre University of Leicester  Leicester LE3 9QP UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thompson G.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebral Haemodynamics in Ageing and Stroke Medicine (CHIASM) Research Group, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences University of Leicester  Leicester LE2 7LX UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre University of Leicester  Leicester LE3 9QP UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0576-9105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jatinder S.","family":"Minhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebral Haemodynamics in Ageing and Stroke Medicine (CHIASM) Research Group, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences University of Leicester  Leicester LE2 7LX UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre 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