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We hypothesized that central inflammation has a role in determining the ventilatory pattern after ALI. In rat pups, we intratracheally injected either bleomycin to induce ALI or saline as a sham control. One week later, we recorded the ventilatory pattern of the rat pups using flow\u2010through plethysmography, then formed <jats:italic>in\u00a0situ<\/jats:italic> preparations from these pups and recorded their \u2018fictive\u2019 patterns from respiratory motor nerves. Compared with the ventilatory pattern of the sham rat pups, injured rat pups had increased fR and predictability. Surprisingly, the fictive patterns of the <jats:italic>in\u00a0situ<\/jats:italic> preparations from ALI pups retained these characteristics despite removing their lungs to eliminate pulmonary sensory inputs and perfusing them with hyperoxic artificial cerebral spinal fluid to minimize peripheral chemoreceptor input. Histological processing revealed increased immunoreactivity of the pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine Interleukin\u20101\u03b2 (IL\u20101\u03b2) in the nucleus tractus solitarii (nTS) from ALI but not sham rats. In subsequent experiments, we microinjected IL\u20101\u03b2 in the nTS bilaterally in anaesthetized na\u00efve adult rats, which increased fR and predictability of ventilatory pattern variability (VPV) after 2\u00a0h. Finally, we infused indomethacin intracerebroventricularly during the week of survival after ALI. This did not affect sham rats, but mitigated changes in fR and VPV in ALI rats. We conclude that neuro\u2010inflammation has an essential role in determining the ventilatory pattern of ALI rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp279177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T05:25:11Z","timestamp":1588829111000},"page":"2791-2811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Brainstem inflammation modulates the ventilatory pattern and its variability after acute lung injury in rodents"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"598","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7108-0349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yee\u2010Hsee","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David 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