{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T20:15:09Z","timestamp":1784060109564,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The comprehensive visualization and quantification of <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> fetal hepatic haemodynamics, particularly the shunting of ductus venosus blood, has been elusive and is not yet fully understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We introduce the combination of chronically instrumented fetal sheep and 4D flow MRI of the whole fetal liver, which allows retrospective blood flow measurement in all visible vessels as well as qualitative assessment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The applicability and usefulness of this technique is exhibited in normally grown fetal Merino sheep in mid\u2010 and late\u2010gestation with detailed dynamic distribution of hepatic blood flow presented. The feasibility of this approach in clinical pathology is demonstrated in two growth\u2010restricted fetuses at mid\u2010gestation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Further exemplification of blood flow quantification is performed over major hepatic vessels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although the fetal vasculature has been demarcated and well understood for several decades, the corresponding haemodynamics permitting oxygen\u2010 and nutrient\u2010rich blood delivery to the fetal organs has been comparatively difficult to study. We married two well\u2010established methods: 4D flow MRI, a volumetric and dynamic blood\u2010flow measurement technique, and chronically instrumented sheep to broadly assess fetal hepatic circulation. We performed this technique in mid\u2010 and late\u2010gestation fetal Merino sheep under normoxemic conditions and major hepatic vasculature was segmented to quantify blood flow and related parameters. Dynamic blood flow was visualized, exhibiting an acceleration of umbilical vein blood through the ductus venosus as well as spiralling into the inferior vena cava where its stream remained separate from that of the hepatic veins and lower body. Ductus venosus changes from mid\u2010 to late\u2010gestation included larger diameter (mid: 5.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.9 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. late: 7.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.1\u00a0mm; <jats:italic>P\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.003) and cross\u2010sectional area (mid: 27.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08.6 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. late: 40.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a011.8\u00a0mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>; <jats:italic>P\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.003), and lower velocity averaged over the cardiac cycle (mid: 15.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.4 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. late: 9.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07.0\u00a0cm\u00a0s<jats:sup>\u20101<\/jats:sup>; <jats:italic>P\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.020). This resulted in higher magnitude blood flow (indexed to umbilical vein input) at mid\u2010gestation in the ductus venosus (mid: 0.73\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.21; late: 0.46\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.21; <jats:italic>P\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.008). The visualization and quantification results support the further use of this technique to better understand regional blood flow changes during normal or abnormal fetal growth, as well as to observe acute haemodynamic responses to physiological challenges or drug interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp279631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,13]],"date-time":"2020-06-13T10:25:01Z","timestamp":1592043901000},"page":"3555-3567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Technique for comprehensive fetal hepatic blood flow assessment in sheep using 4D flow MRI"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"598","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7922-3615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric M.","family":"Schrauben","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Hospital for Sick 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