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Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), an important feature of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, produces detrimental effects on the contractile function of the tongue extrinsic muscles and the medullary inspiratory network of rodents. However, the impact of the CIH on the electrophysiological properties of protrudor and retractor hypoglossal motoneurones has not been described before. Using nerves and intracellular recordings in <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> preparation of rats (5\u00a0weeks old), we tested the hypothesis that CIH (FiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> of 0.06, SaO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> 74%, during 30\u201340\u00a0s, every 9\u00a0min, 8\u00a0h\/day for 10\u00a0days) increases the intrinsic excitability of protrudor and retractor motoneurones from the hypoglossal motor nucleus of rats. Recordings of hypoglossal nerve, before its bifurcation to innervate the tongue protrudor and retractor muscles, revealed that CIH enhances its pre\u2010inspiratory, simultaneously with the presence of active expiration, and inspiratory activities. These changes were mediated by increases in the respiratory\u2010related firing frequency and synaptic excitation of inspiratory protrudor and retractor hypoglossal motoneurones. Besides, CIH increases their intrinsic excitability and depolarises resting membrane potential by reducing a K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u2010dominated leak conductance. In conclusion, CIH enhances the respiratory\u2010related neural control of oropharyngeal function of rats by increasing the synaptic excitation, intrinsic excitability, and reducing leak conductance in both protrudor and retractor hypoglossal motoneurones. We propose that these network and cellular changes are important to optimise the oropharyngeal resistance in conditions related to intermittent hypoxia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp280788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T22:40:40Z","timestamp":1611873640000},"page":"1917-1932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Chronic intermittent hypoxia increases excitability and synaptic excitation of protrudor and retractor hypoglossal motoneurones"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"599","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5730-0993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melina P.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology School of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto University of S\u00e3o Paulo  Ribeir\u00e3o Preto SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5755-6147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolyne S.","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology School of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto University of S\u00e3o Paulo  Ribeir\u00e3o Preto SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel P.","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology School of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto University of S\u00e3o Paulo  Ribeir\u00e3o Preto SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6132-0217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davi J. 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