{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:05:13Z","timestamp":1787241913991,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL096787\u201008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL096787\u201008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) may contribute to sex\u2010based differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) based on overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system observed in sedentary male rats; however, the added influence of the reproductive cycle in females is currently unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\n                            To our knowledge this is the first study to demonstrate greater increases in sympathetic nerve activity in response to direct activation of the RVLM in female\n                            <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                            male rats prior to the onset of the reproductive cycle, which persisted after the onset of the reproductive cycle.\n                          <\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Lower resting blood pressures in females also suggest peripheral adaptations contribute to sex\u2010based differences in CVD.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\n                            Sedentary\n                            <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                            physically active conditions appear to promote higher resting sympathetic outflow independent of age and sex.\n                          <\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Our results demonstrate the importance of examining sedentary conditions in the context of sex differences and the reproductive cycle in contributing to sympathetic overactivity associated with cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Female reproductive hormones are considered cardioprotective based on higher risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in post\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                      pre\u2010menopausal women. Similarly, based on epidemiological studies, a sedentary lifestyle is also a major risk factor for CVD. The mechanisms by which sedentary conditions contribute to CVD, and their influences in the presence and absence of female reproductive hormones are unknown. We hypothesized that sexually immature male and female rats would have similar centrally mediated regulation of blood pressure, but upon sexual maturation, female rats would have lower resting blood pressure and centrally\u2010mediated sympathoexcitation compared to age\u2010matched males. We also predicted resting sympathetic activity would increase upon exposure to sedentary\n                      <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                      active conditions (voluntary wheel running) in males but not in females. We recorded splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity (SSNA) and blood pressure in 4\u2010, 8\u2010 and 16\u2010week\u2010old male and female rats under Inactin anaesthesia before and during microinjections of glutamate (1\u2013100\u00a0mM) into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Four\u2010week\u2010old female rats had lower resting blood pressure and greater sympathoexcitation following activation of the RVLM, as did 8\u2010 and 16\u2010week\u2010old female rats, independent of age or activity condition. Sedentary animals had higher baseline SSNA compared to active animals, independent of sex or age. Our results reveal a complex influence of the interactions between the female reproductive cycle and sedentary conditions. They also demonstrate the importance of examining sedentary conditions in the context of sex\u2010 and female reproductive cycle\u2010dependent incidences of cardiovascular disease.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp281757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T20:25:10Z","timestamp":1626207910000},"page":"4101-4116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sex\u2010dependent development of enhanced sympathoexcitation in sedentary\n                    <i>versus<\/i>\n                    physically active rats"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"599","author":[{"given":"Lyndsey N.","family":"Matus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Wayne State University School of Medicine  540 E. Canfield Detroit MI 48201 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia D.","family":"Flessland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Wayne State University School of Medicine  540 E. Canfield Detroit MI 48201 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7720-1519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Wayne State University School of Medicine  540 E. 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