{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:12:39Z","timestamp":1790763159690,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Understanding communication signals, especially in noisy environments, is crucial to social interactions. Yet, as we age, acoustic signals can be disrupted by cochlear damage and the subsequent auditory nerve fibre degeneration. The most vulnerable medium\u2010 and high\u2010threshold\u2010auditory nerve fibres innervate various cell types in the cochlear nucleus, among which the small cells are unique in receiving this input exclusively. Furthermore, small cells project to medial olivocochlear (MOC) neurons, which in turn send branched collaterals back into the small cell cap. Here, we use single\u2010unit recordings to characterise small cell firing characteristics and demonstrate superior intensity coding in this cell class. We show converse effects when activating\/blocking the MOC system, demonstrating that small\u2010cell unique coding properties are facilitated by direct cholinergic input from the MOC system. Small cells also maintain tone\u2010level coding in the presence of background noise. Finally, small cells precisely code low\u2010frequency modulation more accurately than other ventral cochlear nucleus cell types, demonstrating accurate envelope coding that may be important for vocalisation processing. These results highlight the small cell olivocochlear circuit as a key player in signal processing in noisy environments, which may be selectively degraded in ageing or after noise insult.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Cochlear nucleus small cells receive input from low\/medium spontaneous rate auditory nerve fibres and medial olivocochlear neurons.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Electrical stimulation of medial olivocochlear neurons in the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body and blocking cholinergic input to small cells using atropine demonstrates an excitatory cholinergic input to small cells, which increases responses to suprathreshold sound.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Unique inputs to small cells produce superior sound intensity coding.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>This coding of intensity is preserved in the presence of background noise, an effect exclusive to this cell type in the cochlear nucleus.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>These results suggest that small cells serve an essential function in the ascending auditory system, which may be relevant to disorders such as hidden hearing loss.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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