{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T18:18:58Z","timestamp":1783102738404,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fluid intelligence (G\u0192) includes logical reasoning abilities and is an essential component of normative cognition. Despite the broad consensus that parieto\u2010prefrontal connectivity is critical for G\u0192 (e.g. the parieto\u2010frontal integration theory of intelligence, P\u2010FIT), the dynamics of such functional connectivity during logical reasoning remains poorly understood. Further, given the known importance of these brain regions for G\u0192, numerous studies have targeted one or both of these areas with non\u2010invasive stimulation with the goal of improving G\u0192, but to date there remains little consensus on the overall stimulation\u2010related effects. To examine this, we applied high\u2010definition direct current anodal stimulation to the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of 24 healthy adults for 20\u00a0min in three separate sessions (sham, left, and right active). Following stimulation, participants completed a logical reasoning task during magnetoencephalography (MEG). Significant neural responses at the sensor\u2010level were imaged using a beamformer, and peak task\u2010induced activity was subjected to dynamic functional connectivity analyses to evaluate the impact of distinct stimulation montages on network activity. We found that participants responded faster following right DLPFC stimulation<jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. sham. Moreover, our neural findings followed a similar trajectory of effects such that left parieto\u2010frontal connectivity decreased following right and left DLPFC stimulation compared to sham, with connectivity following right stimulation being significantly correlated with the faster reaction times. Importantly, our findings are consistent with P\u2010FIT, as well as the<jats:italic>neural efficiency hypothesis<\/jats:italic>(NEH) of intelligence. In sum, this study provides evidence for beneficial effects of right DLPFC stimulation on logical reasoning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"><jats:list-item><jats:p>Logical reasoning is an indispensable component of fluid intelligence and involves multispectral oscillatory activity in parietal and frontal regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>Parieto\u2010frontal integration is well characterized in logical reasoning; however, its direct neural quantification and neuromodulation by brain stimulation remain poorly understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>High\u2010definition transcranial direct current stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) had modulatory effects on task performance and neural interactions serving logical reasoning, with right stimulation showing beneficial effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>Right DLPFC stimulation led to a decrease in the response time (i.e. better task performance) and left parieto\u2010frontal connectivity with a marginal positive association between behavioural and neural metrics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>Other modes of targeted stimulation of DLPFC (e.g. frequency\u2010specific) can be employed in future studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp282387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T03:13:47Z","timestamp":1637032427000},"page":"5451-5463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["High\u2010definition transcranial direct current stimulation modulates performance and alpha\/beta parieto\u2010frontal connectivity serving fluid intelligence"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"599","author":[{"given":"Yasra","family":"Arif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Neuroscience Boys Town National Research Hospital Omaha NE USA"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences (Neuroscience) University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel K.","family":"Spooner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Neuroscience Boys Town National Research Hospital Omaha NE USA"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences (Neuroscience) University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Heinrichs\u2010Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Neuroscience Boys Town National Research Hospital Omaha NE USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony W.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Neuroscience Boys Town National Research Hospital Omaha NE USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.131.1.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa077"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-013-1281-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2015.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X06009034"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.02.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511571312"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.07.083"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2015.0357"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2008.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-2896(01)00096-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/73009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2010.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/5\/2\/007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2006.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(94)00124-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5478.457"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2013.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.01.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139174909.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/088342304000000396"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.01.003.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858416631966"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2014.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-2334-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2008.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0636"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2004.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.2.694"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-2896(88)90016-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.30.3.327"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182872e90"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0023816"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/10\/6\/066004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.35178"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.09.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.03.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.05.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(58)90053-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X07001185"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196323"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"The ten\u2010twenty electrode system of the International Federation. The international federation of clinical neurophysiology","volume":"52","author":"Klem GH","year":"1999","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz246"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2015.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-2011-1865","article-title":"A role for the right prefrontal and bilateral parietal cortex in four\u2010term transitive reasoning: an fMRI study with abstract linear syllogism tasks","volume":"71","author":"Kr\u00f3licki L","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol Exp"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1136618"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059412444975"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1999)8:4<194::AID-HBM4>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2006.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21297"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3850"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf238"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116927"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-2896(83)90023-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87371-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_64_1","first-page":"487","article-title":"Special series on the cognition battery of the NIH toolbox","volume":"20","author":"McDonald S","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_65_1","first-page":"2451","article-title":"Predicting states of abstract reasoning using EEG functional connectivity markers. 2019 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","volume":"2019","author":"Miasnikova A","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2017.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2003.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_69_1","first-page":"2607","article-title":"Multivariate associations of fluid intelligence and NAA","volume":"27","author":"Nikolaidis A","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.049916"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.10.1899"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.08.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452233529.n24"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2014.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/11.10.954"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00335558008248231"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2011.00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_79_1","first-page":"223","volume-title":"Handbook of Nonverbal Assessment","author":"Raven J","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1991.tb00961.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp269"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.6.1068"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.06.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.124.2.262"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.02.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP278788"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/51\/7\/008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2020.100770"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02534144"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.09.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.623056"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-2896(83)90006-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.11.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23720"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_95_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Neural correlates of fluid reasoning in children and adults","volume":"2","author":"Wright SB","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/JP282387","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1113\/JP282387","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/JP282387","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T06:54:06Z","timestamp":1726124046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1113\/JP282387"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1113\/JP282387"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jp282387","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3751","1469-7793"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3751","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7793","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-09-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-11-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-11-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}