{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:30:12Z","timestamp":1791829812990,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC), induced by intermittent periods of limb ischaemia and reperfusion, confers cardiac and vascular protection from subsequent ischaemia\u2013reperfusion (IR) injury. Early animal studies reliably demonstrate that RIPC attenuated infarct size and preserved cardiac tissue. However, translating these adaptations to clinical practice in humans has been challenging. Large clinical studies have found inconsistent results with respect to RIPC eliciting IR injury protection or improving clinical outcomes. Follow\u2010up studies have implicated several factors that potentially affect the efficacy of RIPC in humans such as age, fitness, frequency, disease state and interactions with medications. Thus, realizing the clinical potential for RIPC may require a human experimental model where confounding factors are more effectively controlled and underlying mechanisms can be further elucidated. In this review, we highlight recent experimental findings in the peripheral circulation that have added valuable insight on the mechanisms and clinical benefit of RIPC in humans. Central to this discussion is the critical role of timing (i.e. immediate\n                    <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                    . delayed effects following a single bout of RIPC) and the frequency of RIPC. Limited evidence in humans has demonstrated that repeated bouts of RIPC over several\u00a0days uniquely improves vascular function beyond that observed with a single bout alone. Since changes in resistance vessel and microvascular function often precede symptoms and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, repeated bouts of RIPC may be promising as a preclinical intervention to prevent or delay cardiovascular disease progression.\n                    <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                      <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp15127-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                        <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                      <\/jats:graphic>\n                    <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp282568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]],"date-time":"2022-05-21T05:09:18Z","timestamp":1653109758000},"page":"3053-3067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Remote ischaemic preconditioning \u2013 translating cardiovascular benefits to humans"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"600","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5179-1434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James A.","family":"Lang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology Iowa State University  Ames IA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5569-2161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jahyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology California State University Bakersfield  Bakersfield CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2005.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-012-0314-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-021-04815-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00788633"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002563"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-007-9031-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62001-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","first-page":"288","article-title":"Remote ischaemic conditioning reduces infarct size in animal in vivo models of ischaemia\u2010reperfusion injury: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"113","author":"Bromage D. 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