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VAT is an active endocrine gland that synthesizes and secretes numerous bioactive mediators called \u2018adipocytokines\/adipokines\u2019 into systemic circulation. These adipocytokines act on organs of metabolic importance like the liver and skeletal muscle. Multiple preclinical and\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    studies showed strong evidence of the roles of adipocytokines in the regulation of metabolic disorders like diabetes, obesity and insulin resistance. Adipocytokines, such as adiponectin and omentin, are anti\u2010inflammatory and have been shown to prevent atherogenesis by increasing nitric oxide (NO) production by the endothelium, suppressing endothelium\u2010derived inflammation and decreasing foam cell formation. By inhibiting differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) into osteoblasts, adiponectin and omentin prevent vascular calcification. On the other hand, adipocytokines like leptin and resistin induce inflammation and endothelial dysfunction that leads to vasoconstriction. By promoting VSMC migration and proliferation, extracellular matrix degradation and inflammatory polarization of macrophages, leptin and resistin increase the risk of atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability and rupture. Additionally, the plasma concentrations of these adipocytokines alter in ageing, rendering older humans vulnerable to cardiovascular disease. The disturbances in the normal physiological concentrations of these adipocytokines secreted by VAT under pathological conditions impede the normal functions of various organs and affect cardiovascular health. These adipokines could be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in cardiovascular disease.\n                    <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                      <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp15134-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                        <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                      <\/jats:graphic>\n                    <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp282728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T07:04:23Z","timestamp":1654499063000},"page":"2099-2120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Regulation of cardiovascular health and disease by visceral adipose tissue\u2010derived metabolic hormones"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"601","author":[{"given":"Sathish Babu","family":"Vasamsetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh PA USA"},{"name":"Pittsburgh VA Medical Center\u2010University Drive University Drive C  Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niranjana","family":"Natarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samreen","family":"Sadaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh PA USA"},{"name":"Pittsburgh VA Medical Center\u2010University Drive University Drive C  Pittsburgh PA 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