{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T02:35:42Z","timestamp":1790649342363,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660089600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1178912"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1178912"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP2002254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP2002254"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP2001646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP2001646"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CE140100003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CE140100003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Heart failure (HF) is characterised by abnormal conduit and resistance artery function in humans. Microvascular function in HF is less well characterised, due in part to the lack of tools to image these vessels <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. The skin microvasculature is a surrogate for systemic microvascular function and health and plays a key role in thermoregulation, which is dysfunctional in HF. We deployed a novel optical coherence tomography (OCT) technique to visualise and quantify microvascular structure and function in 10 subjects with HF and 10 age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched controls. OCT images were obtained from the ventral aspect of the forearm, at baseline (33\u00b0C) and after 30\u00a0min of localised skin heating. At rest, OCT\u2010derived microvascular density (20.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08.7%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.004), diameter (35.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06.0\u00a0\u03bcm, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.006) and blood flow (82.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a041.1\u00a0pl\/s, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.021) were significantly lower in HF than CON (27.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08.0%, 40.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.8\u00a0\u03bcm, 110.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a041.9\u00a0pl\/s), whilst blood speed was not significantly lower (74.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a011.0\u00a0\u03bcm\/s <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 81.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a09.9\u00a0\u03bcm\/s, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.069). After local heating, the OCT\u2010based density, diameter, blood speed and blood flow of HF patients were similar (all <jats:italic>P\u00a0&gt;<\/jats:italic> 0.05) to CON. Although abnormalities exist at rest which may reflect microvascular disease status, patients with HF retain the capacity to dilate cutaneous microvessels in response to localised heat stress. This is a novel <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> human observation of microvascular dysfunction in HF, illustrating the feasibility of OCT to directly visualise and quantify microvascular responses to physiological stimuli <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>.\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp15206-gra-0001-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Microvessels in the skin are critical to human thermoregulation, which is compromised in participants with heart failure (HF).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We have developed a powerful new non\u2010invasive optical coherence tomography (OCT)\u2010based approach for the study of microvascular structure and function <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Our approach enabled us to observe and quantify abnormal resting microvascular function in participants with HF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Patients with HF were able to dilate skin microvessels in response to local heat stress, arguing against an underlying structural abnormality. This suggests that microvascular functional regulation is the primary abnormality in HF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>OCT can be used to directly visualise and quantify microvascular responses to physiological stimuli <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp282940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,23]],"date-time":"2022-07-23T09:10:06Z","timestamp":1658567406000},"page":"3921-3929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Visualising and quantifying microvascular structure and function in patients with heart failure using optical coherence tomography"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"600","author":[{"given":"David F. G.","family":"Sciarrone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Group School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science) University of Western Australia  Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6947-5061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert A.","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics School of Biomedicine Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Adelaide  Adelaide Australia"},{"name":"Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing University of Adelaide  Adelaide Australia"},{"name":"School of Engineering University of Western Australia  Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5908-6270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raden","family":"Argarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Group School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science) University of Western Australia  Perth Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Physiology and Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine Airlangga University  Surabaya Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minh\u2010Son","family":"To","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute Flinders University  Bedford Park Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Flinders Medical Centre  Bedford Park Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise H.","family":"Naylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Group School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science) University of Western Australia  Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy M.","family":"Bolam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Group School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science) University of Western Australia  Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9617-2744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Howard H.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Group School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science) University of Western Australia  Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3226-2921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Group School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science) University of Western Australia  Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001479"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12594"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-3813-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59659-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01397.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(96)00323-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-014-0191-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24817-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi655"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00602-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He K. 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