{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:05:38Z","timestamp":1790949938297,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Transcranial alternating current stimulation (TACS) is commonly used to synchronize a cortical area and its outputs to the stimulus waveform, but gathering evidence for this based on brain recordings in humans is challenging. The corticospinal tract transmits beta oscillations (\u223c21\u00a0Hz) from the motor cortex to tonically contracted limb muscles linearly. Therefore, muscle activity may be used to measure the level of beta entrainment in the corticospinal tract due to TACS over the motor cortex. Here, we assessed whether TACS is able to modulate the neural inputs to muscles, which would provide indirect evidence for TACS\u2010driven neural entrainment. In the first part of the study, we ran simulations of motor neuron (MN) pools receiving inputs from corticospinal neurons with different levels of beta entrainment. Results suggest that MNs are highly sensitive to changes in corticospinal beta activity. Then, we ran experiments on healthy human subjects (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a010) in which TACS (at 1\u00a0mA) was delivered over the motor cortex at 21\u00a0Hz (beta stimulation), or at 7\u00a0Hz or 40\u00a0Hz (control conditions) while the abductor digiti minimi or the tibialis anterior muscle were tonically contracted. Muscle activity was measured using high\u2010density electromyography, which allowed us to decompose the activity of pools of motor units innervating the muscles. By analysing motor unit pool activity, we observed that none of the TACS conditions could consistently alter the spectral contents of the common neural inputs received by the muscles. These results suggest that 1\u00a0mA TACS over the motor cortex given at beta frequencies does not entrain corticospinal activity.\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp15176-gra-0001-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Transcranial alternating current stimulation (TACS) is commonly used to entrain the communication between brain regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>It is challenging to find direct evidence supporting TACS\u2010driven neural entrainment due to the technical difficulties in recording brain activity during stimulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Computational simulations of motor neuron pools receiving common inputs in the beta (\u223c21\u00a0Hz) band indicate that motor neurons are highly sensitive to corticospinal beta entrainment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Motor unit activity from human muscles does not support TACS\u2010driven corticospinal entrainment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp282983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T20:54:08Z","timestamp":1656708848000},"page":"3187-3199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Standard intensities of transcranial alternating current stimulation over the motor cortex do not entrain corticospinal inputs to motor neurons"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"601","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8439-151X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BSICoS group, I3A Institute University of Zaragoza, IIS Arag\u00f3n  Zaragoza Spain"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Imperial College  London UK"},{"name":"Department for Clinical and movement neurosciences Institute of Neurology University College London  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3592-2158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blanka","family":"Zicher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Imperial College  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katlyn E.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology University of Waterloo  Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3979-156X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Rocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Clinical and movement neurosciences Institute of Neurology University College London  UK"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health University of Cagliari  Cagliari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1901-3894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Casolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova  Padua Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7118-5554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Del Vecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Engineering 17 Friedrich\u2010Alexander University  Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8471-0859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danny","family":"Spampinato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non\u2010Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology Santa Lucia Foundation  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole\u2010Anne","family":"Vollette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bordeaux  Bordeaux France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Rothwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Imperial College  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8118-4048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart 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