{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T01:31:42Z","timestamp":1787967102923,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We recently documented the first microelectrode recordings from the cervical vagus nerve in awake humans. Here we aimed to quantify cardiac and respiratory modulation of vagal activity to assess the feasibility of targeting axons supplying the heart and airways. Multi\u2010unit activity was recorded from 43 sites in 19 healthy participants in the left (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a010) and right (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a09) vagus nerves with ECG, continuous non\u2010invasive blood pressure and respiration. Cross\u2010correlation histograms were constructed between axonal spikes and the R\u2010waves or the peaks of inspiration. The latencies for the peak in cardiac modulation showed a bimodal distribution: while the majority of sites (72%) had peak latencies that preceded the R\u2010wave by up to 550\u00a0ms (mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0SD, \u2212300\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0178\u00a0ms), 12 sites had latencies of up to 250\u00a0ms following the R\u2010wave (64\u00a0\u00b1\u00a087\u00a0ms). Interestingly, the majority of sites with negative latencies (68%) were found in the left nerve whereas most of those with positive latencies (75%) were found in the right. Conversely, on average the peak of respiratory modulation straddled the peak of inspiration. Sites showing respiratory modulation were more prevalent and showed stronger modulation than those with cardiac modulation: calculated for sites with modulation indices \u226515%, the median cardiac and respiratory modulation indices were 23.4% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a017) and 44.5% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a035), respectively. We conclude that, despite the fact that much of the vagus nerve supplies the gut, cardiac and respiratory modulation of vagal nerve activity can be identified through invasive recordings in awake humans.\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp15084-gra-0001-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Intraneural recordings from the cervical vagus were obtained in awake humans via tungsten microelectrodes inserted into the nerve through ultrasound guidance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Cross\u2010correlation analysis of multi\u2010unit vagal activity revealed cardiac and respiratory modulation, from which the amplitude and latency of the peaks could be computed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The magnitude of the cardiac modulation (23%) was weaker than that of the respiratory modulation (45%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The latencies for the peak in cardiac modulation showed a bimodal distribution: the majority of sites (72%) had peak latencies that preceded the R\u2010wave, while the remainder had latencies that followed the R\u2010wave.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The majority of sites with negative latencies (68%) were found in the left nerve whereas most of those with positive latencies (75%) were found in the right.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>On average the peak of respiratory modulation coincided with the peak of inspiration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp282994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,7]],"date-time":"2022-05-07T18:39:20Z","timestamp":1651948760000},"page":"3113-3126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Quantification of cardiac and respiratory modulation of axonal activity in the human vagus nerve"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"600","author":[{"given":"Mikaela","family":"Patros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo M.","family":"Ottaviani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche  Ancona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tye","family":"Dawood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3325-6566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaughan G.","family":"Macefield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","first-page":"1289","article-title":"Neural control of human airways in health and disease","volume":"134","author":"Barnes P. 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