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In the present study, data from healthy individuals (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a011), patients with ischaemic heart disease (IHD; ejection fraction >40%;\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a09) and patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF; EF = 31 (5)%,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a011), as well as data from swine surgeries, where spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias were observed during cerebrovascular examination (transcranial Doppler ultrasound in humans and laser Doppler in swine) were analysed retrospectively to investigate the effect of arrhythmia on cerebral microvascular haemodynamics. A subset of participants also completed the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity (MCA\n Vmean<\/jats:sub>\n ) decreased during premature ventricular contraction (PVC) in all groups, and data from swine indicate PVCs reduced cerebral microvascular perfusion. Overall MCA\n Vmean<\/jats:sub>\n was decreased in the HFrEF\n vs<\/jats:italic>\n . control group. Further, %\u2206MCA\n Vmean<\/jats:sub>\n \/%\u2206mean arterial pressure during the PVC was greater in the HFrEF\n vs<\/jats:italic>\n . control group and was correlated with decreased MoCA scores. Subanalysis of HFrEF data revealed that during bigeminy MCA\n Vmean<\/jats:sub>\n decreased owing to reductions during irregular beats only. During non\u2010sustained ventricular tachycardia, MCA\n Vmean<\/jats:sub>\n decreased but recovered above baseline upon return to sinus rhythm. Also, haemodynamic perturbations during and following the PVC were greater in the brachial artery\n vs<\/jats:italic>\n . the MCA. Therefore, ventricular arrhythmias decreased indices of cerebral perfusion irrespective of IHD or HFrEF. The relative magnitude of arrhythmia\u2010induced haemodynamic perturbations appears to be population specific and arrhythmia type and organ dependent. The cumulative burden of arrhythmia\u2010induced deficits may exacerbate existing cerebral hypoperfusion in HFrEF and contribute to neurological abnormalities in this population.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Key points<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n Irregular heartbeats are often considered benign in isolation, but individuals who experience them frequently have a higher prevalence of cerebrovascular and\/or cognitive associated disorders. How irregular heartbeats affect blood pressure and cerebral haemodynamics in healthy and cardiovascular disease patients, those with and without reduced ejection fraction, remains unknown.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Here it was found that in the absence of symptoms associated with irregular heartbeats, such as dizziness or hypotension, single, multiple non\u2010sustained and sustained irregular heartbeats influence cerebral haemodynamics in a population\u2010specific, arrhythmia\u2010type and organ\u2010dependent manner.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Relative deficits in the index of cerebral blood flow normalized to relative deficits in blood pressure were greatest in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection and inversely related with cognitive performance.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Chronic arrhythmias may exacerbate existing cerebral hypoperfusion in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, thereby providing a mechanistic link between otherwise benign irregular heartbeats and cognitive dysfunction, independent of embolism.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp283112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T09:42:49Z","timestamp":1649324569000},"page":"2311-2325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cerebral haemodynamics during arrhythmia in health, ischaemic heart disease and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, and in a preclinical swine model"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"600","author":[{"given":"Rory A.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam M. S.","family":"Luchkanych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jude S.","family":"Morton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha G.","family":"Boyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Kinesiology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darcy D.","family":"Marciniuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixue","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology Faculty of Science McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elric Y.","family":"Allison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology Faculty of Science McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Kevin","family":"Shoemaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology Western University London Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baraa K.","family":"Al\u2010Khazraji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology Faculty of Science McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matti D.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation School of Medicine Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corey R.","family":"Tomczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Kinesiology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. 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