{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,8]],"date-time":"2026-11-08T02:09:05Z","timestamp":1794103745127,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography (EEG) elegantly probes the excitability and connectivity of the human brain. However, TMS\u2010EEG signals inevitably also contain sensory\u2010evoked responses caused by TMS\u2010associated auditory and somatosensory inputs, constituting a substantial confounding factor. Here we applied our recently established optimized SHAM protocol (Gordon et\u00a0al., Neuroimage 2021:118708) to disentangle TMS\u2010EEG responses caused by TMS\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      . sensory input. One unresolved question is whether these responses superimpose without relevant interaction, a requirement for their disaggregation by the optimized SHAM approach. We applied in 20 healthy subjects a pharmacological intervention using a single oral dose of 20\u00a0mg of diazepam, a positive modulator of GABAA receptors. Diazepam decreased the amplitudes of the P60 and P150 components specifically in the ACTIVE TMS and\/or the ACTIVE TMS minus SHAM conditions but not in the SHAM condition, pointing to a response caused by TMS. In contrast, diazepam suppressed the amplitude of the N100 component indiscriminately in the ACTIVE TMS and SHAM conditions but not in the ACTIVE TMS minus SHAM condition, pointing to a response caused by sensory input. Moreover, diazepam suppressed the beta\u2010band response observed in the motor cortex specifically after ACTIVE TMS and ACTIVE TMS minus SHAM. These findings demonstrate a lack of interaction of TMS\u2010EEG responses caused by TMS\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      . sensory input and validate optimized SHAM\u2010controlled TMS\u2010EEG as an appropriate approach to untangle these TMS\u2010EEG responses. This knowledge will enable the proficient use of TMS\u2010EEG to probe the physiology of the human cortex.\n                      <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                        <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp15520-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                          <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                        <\/jats:graphic>\n                      <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\n                            Optimized SHAM disentangles TMS\u2010EEG responses caused by TMS\n                            <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                            . sensory input.\n                          <\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\n                            Diazepam differentially modulates TMS\u2010EEG responses caused by TMS\n                            <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                            . sensory input.\n                          <\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Diazepam modulation of P60 and P150 indicate TMS\u2010EEG responses caused by TMS.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Diazepam modulation of N100 indicate a TMS\u2010EEG response caused by sensory input.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp283986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]],"date-time":"2023-03-25T15:49:59Z","timestamp":1679759399000},"page":"1981-1998","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Untangling TMS\u2010EEG responses caused by TMS\n                    <i>versus<\/i>\n                    sensory input using optimized sham control and GABAergic challenge"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"601","author":[{"given":"Pedro C.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology &amp; Stroke University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu Fei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology &amp; Stroke University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. 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