{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T19:38:31Z","timestamp":1785267511795,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FWO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FWO"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1268023N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1268023N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Considerable inter\u2010individual heterogeneity exists in the muscular adaptations to resistance training. It has been proposed that fast\u2010twitch fibres are more sensitive to hypertrophic stimuli and thus that variation in muscle fibre type composition is a contributing factor to the magnitude of training response. This study investigated if the inter\u2010individual variability in resistance training adaptations is determined by muscle typology and if the most appropriate weekly training frequency depends on muscle typology. In strength\u2010training novices, 11\u00a0slow (ST) and 10 fast typology (FT) individuals were selected by measuring muscle carnosine with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Participants trained both upper arm and leg muscles to failure at 60% of one\u2010repetition maximum (1RM) for 10\u00a0weeks, whereby one arm and leg trained 3\u00d7\/week and the contralateral arm and leg 2\u00d7\/week. Muscle volume (MRI\u2010based 3D segmentation), maximal dynamic strength (1RM) and fibre type\u2010specific cross\u2010sectional area (vastus lateralis biopsies) were evaluated. The training response for total muscle volume (+3 to +14%), fibre size (\u221219 to +22%) and strength (+17 to +47%) showed considerable inter\u2010individual variability, but these could not be attributed to differences in muscle typology. However, ST individuals performed a significantly higher training volume to gain these similar adaptations than FT individuals. The limb that trained 3\u00d7\/week had generally more pronounced hypertrophy than the limb that trained 2\u00d7\/week, and there was no interaction with muscle typology. In conclusion, muscle typology cannot explain the high variability in resistance training adaptations when training is performed to failure at 60% of 1RM.\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp15538-gra-0001-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>This study investigated the influence of muscle typology (muscle fibre type composition) on the variability in resistance training adaptations and on its role in the individualization of resistance training frequency.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We demonstrate that an individual's muscle typology cannot explain the inter\u2010individual variability in resistance training\u2010induced increases in muscle volume, maximal dynamic strength and fibre cross\u2010sectional area when repetitions are performed to failure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Importantly, slow typology individuals performed a significantly higher training volume to obtain similar adaptations compared to fast typology individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Muscle typology does not determine the most appropriate resistance training frequency. However, regardless of muscle typology, an additional weekly training (3\u00d7\/week <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 2\u00d7\/week) increases muscle hypertrophy but not maximal dynamic strength.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>These findings expand on our understanding of the underlying mechanisms for the large inter\u2010individual variability in resistance training adaptations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp284442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T07:48:30Z","timestamp":1681199310000},"page":"2307-2327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Can muscle typology explain the inter\u2010individual variability in resistance training 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