{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:05:45Z","timestamp":1793419545609,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32\u2010NS082128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32\u2010NS082128"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01\u2010NS104772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01\u2010NS104772"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.pericles-gcp.literatumonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Locomotor adaptation is crucial for daily gait adjustments to changing environmental demands and obstacle avoidance. Mobile brain imaging with high\u2010density electroencephalography (EEG) now permits quantification of electrocortical dynamics during human locomotion. To determine the brain areas involved in human locomotor adaptation, we recorded high\u2010density EEG from healthy, young adults during split\u2010belt treadmill walking. We incorporated a dual\u2010electrode EEG system and neck electromyography to decrease motion and muscle artefacts. Voluntary movement preparation and execution have been linked to alpha (8\u201313\u00a0Hz) and beta band (13\u201330\u00a0Hz) desynchronizations in the sensorimotor and posterior parietal cortices, whereas theta band (4\u20137\u00a0Hz) modulations in the anterior cingulate have been correlated with movement error monitoring. We hypothesized that relative to normal walking, split\u2010belt walking would elicit: (1) decreases in alpha and beta band power in sensorimotor and posterior parietal cortices, reflecting enhanced motor flexibility; and (2) increases in theta band power in anterior cingulate cortex, reflecting instability and balance errors that will diminish with practice. We found electrocortical activity in multiple regions that was associated with stages of gait adaptation. Data indicated that sensorimotor and posterior parietal cortices had decreased alpha and beta band spectral power during early adaptation to split\u2010belt treadmill walking that gradually returned to pre\u2010adaptation levels by the end of the adaptation period. Our findings emphasize that multiple brain areas are involved in adjusting gait under changing environmental demands during human walking. Future studies could use these findings on healthy, young participants to identify dysfunctional supraspinal mechanisms that may be impairing gait adaptation.\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp15661-gra-0001-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Identifying the location and time course of electrical changes in the brain correlating with gait adaptation increases our understanding of brain function and provides targets for brain stimulation interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Using high\u2010density EEG in combination with 3D biomechanics, we found changes in neural oscillations localized near the sensorimotor, posterior parietal and cingulate cortices during split\u2010belt treadmill adaptation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>These findings suggest that multiple cortical mechanisms may be associated with locomotor adaptation, and their temporal dynamics can be quantified using mobile EEG.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Results from this study can serve as a reference model to examine brain dynamics in individuals with movement disorders that cause gait asymmetry and reduced gait adaptation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp284505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T14:44:22Z","timestamp":1690814662000},"page":"3921-3944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Electrocortical activity correlated with locomotor adaptation during split\u2010belt treadmill walking"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"601","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2415-4800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noelle A.","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6373-6021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel P.","family":"Ferris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-012-0274-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00063.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.554770"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013699998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00089.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00247","article-title":"Prefrontal, posterior parietal and sensorimotor network activity underlying speed control during walking","volume":"9","author":"Bulea T. 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