{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T07:22:31Z","timestamp":1748676151502,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ocular Surface (OS) somatosensory innervation detects external stimuli producing perceptions, such as pain or dryness, the most relevant symptoms in many OS pathologies. Nevertheless, little is known about the central nervous system circuits involved in these perceptions, and how they integrate multimodal inputs in general. Here, we aim to describe the thalamic and cortical activity in response to OS stimulation of different modalities. Electrophysiological extracellular recordings in anaesthetized rats were used to record neural activity, while saline drops at different temperatures were applied to stimulate the OS. Neurons were recorded in the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal ganglion (TG, 49 units), the thalamic VPM\u2010POm nuclei representing the face (Th, 69 units) and the primary somatosensory cortex (S1, 101 units). The precise locations for Th and S1 neurons receiving OS information are reported here for the first time. Interestingly, all recorded nuclei encode modality both at the single neuron and population levels, with noxious stimulation producing a qualitatively different activity profile from other modalities. Moreover, neurons responding to new combinations of stimulus modalities not present in the peripheral TG subsequently appear in Th and S1, being organized in space through the formation of clusters. Besides, neurons that present higher multimodality display higher spontaneous activity. These results constitute the first anatomical and functional characterization of the thalamocortical representation of the OS. Furthermore, they provide insight into how information from different modalities gets integrated from the peripheral nervous system into the complex cortical networks of the brain.\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp15984-gra-0001-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Anatomical location of thalamic and cortical ocular surface representation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Thalamic and cortical neuronal responses to multimodal stimulation of the ocular surface.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Increasing functional complexity along trigeminal neuroaxis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Proposal of a new perspective on how peripheral activity shapes central nervous system function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp285008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T17:24:03Z","timestamp":1709918643000},"page":"1405-1426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ocular surface information seen from the somatosensory thalamus and cortex"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"602","author":[{"given":"Enrique","family":"Velasco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez\u2010CSIC  San Juan de Alicante Spain"},{"name":"Laboratory of Ion Channel Research VIB\u2010KU Leuven Center for Brain &amp; Disease Research  Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"Neuroscience in Physiotherapy (NiP), Independent Research Group  Elche Spain"},{"name":"The European University of Brain and Technology  San Juan de Alicante Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2057-5672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Zaforas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurofisiolog\u00eda Experimental, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Hospital Nacional de Parapl\u00e9jicos SESCAM  Toledo Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Castilla\u2010La Mancha (IDISCAM)  Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1759-068X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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