{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:38:31Z","timestamp":1790642311738,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":280,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review resulted from a conference on the pathological role of arterial chemoreflex and carotid bodies in cardiometabolic diseases held at the 27th Congress of the Polish Cardiac Society in September 2023 in Poznan, Poland. It reflects the contribution of Polish researchers and their international collaborations, which have been fundamental in the development of the field. Aberrant activity of the carotid bodies leads to both high tonicity and increased sensitivity of the arterial chemoreflex with resultant sympathoexcitation in chronic heart failure, resistant hypertension and obstructive sleep apnoea. This observation has led to several successful attempts of removing or denervating the carotid bodies as a therapeutic option in humans. Regrettably, such interventions are accompanied by serious respiratory and acid\u2013base balance side\u2010effects. Rather than a single stereotyped reaction, arterial chemoreflex comprises an integrative multi\u2010system response to a variety of stimulants and its specific reflex components may be individually conveyed at varying intensities. Recent research has revealed that carotid bodies express diverse receptors, synthesize a cocktail of mediators, and respond to a plethora of metabolic, hormonal and autonomic nervous stimuli. This state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art summary discusses exciting new discoveries regarding GLP\u20101 receptors, purinergic receptors, the glutamate\u2013GABA system, efferent innervation and regulation of blood flow in the carotid body and how they open new avenues for novel pharmacological treatments selectively targeting specific receptors, mediators and neural pathways to correct distinct responses of the carotid body\u2010evoked arterial chemoreflex in cardiometabolic diseases. The carotid body offers novel and advantageous therapeutic opportunities for future consideration by trialists.\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp16668-gra-0001-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp285081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,6]],"date-time":"2025-04-06T01:58:08Z","timestamp":1743904688000},"page":"2487-2516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Translating physiology of the arterial chemoreflex into novel therapeutic interventions targeting carotid bodies in cardiometabolic 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