{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T22:46:58Z","timestamp":1789598818943,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnoea is characterized by chronic intermittent hypoxaemia and is independently associated with an increased risk of metabolic comorbidities (e.g. type II diabetes and ischaemic heart disease). These comorbidities could be attributable to hypoxaemia\u2010induced alterations in blood lipid profiles. However, it remains unclear whether intermittent hypoxaemia alters triglyceridaemia differently between biological sexes. Therefore, we used a randomized crossover design to examine whether 6\u00a0h of moderate intermittent hypoxaemia (15\u00a0hypoxaemic cycles\/h, 85% oxyhaemoglobin saturation) alters plasma triglyceride levels differently between men and women after a high\u2010fat meal. Relative to men, women displayed lower levels of total triglycerides, in addition to denser triglyceride\u2010rich lipoprotein triglycerides (TRL\u2010TG; mainly very low\u2010density lipoprotein triglycerides and chylomicron remnant triglycerides) and buoyant TRL\u2010TG (mainly chylomicron triglycerides) during normoxia (ambient air) and intermittent hypoxaemia (sex \u00d7 time: all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u2264 0.008). Intermittent hypoxaemia led to higher triglyceride levels (condition: all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u2264 0.016); however, this effect was observed only in men (sex \u00d7 condition: all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u2264 0.002). Compared with normoxia, glucose levels were higher in men and lower in women during intermittent hypoxaemia (sex \u00d7 condition: <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). The different postprandial responses between biological sexes occurred despite similar reductions in mean oxyhaemoglobin saturation and similar elevations in insulin levels, non\u2010esterified fatty acid levels and mean heart rate (sex \u00d7 condition: all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u2265 0.185). These results support growing evidence showing that intermittent hypoxaemia impacts men and women differently, and they might help to explain biological sex\u2010related discrepancies in the rate of certain comorbidities associated with intermittent hypoxaemia.\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp15911-gra-0001-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Intermittent hypoxaemia is a key characteristic of obstructive sleep apnoea and alters lipid metabolism in multiple tissues, resulting in increased circulating triglyceride levels, an important risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Circulating triglyceride levels are regulated differently between biological sexes, with women typically displaying much lower fasting and postprandial triglyceride levels than men, partly explaining why women of all ages experience lower mortality rates from cardiometabolic diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In this study, healthy young men and women consumed a high\u2010fat meal and were then exposed to 6\u00a0h of intermittent hypoxaemia or ambient air.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We show that postprandial triglyceride levels are significantly lower in women compared with men and that intermittent hypoxaemia leads to higher postprandial triglyceride levels in men only.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>These results might help us to understand better why women living with obstructive sleep apnoea experience lower rates of cardiometabolic diseases (e.g. type II diabetes and ischaemic heart disease) than men living with obstructive sleep apnoea.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp285430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T15:36:17Z","timestamp":1706542577000},"page":"5817-5834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Biological sex\u2010related differences in the postprandial triglyceride response to intermittent hypoxaemia in young adults: a randomized crossover trial"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"602","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1941-3174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Goulet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioural and Metabolic Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ottawa  Ottawa ON 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