{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T16:16:56Z","timestamp":1792167416398,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The blood pressure\u2010lowering effect of aerobic training is preceded by improving cardiovascular autonomic control. We previously demonstrated that aerobic training conducted in the evening (ET) induces a greater decrease in blood pressure than morning training (MT). To study whether the greater blood pressure decrease after ET occurs through better cardiovascular autonomic regulation, this study aimed to compare MT <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> ET on muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in treated patients with hypertension. Elderly patients treated for hypertension were randomly allocated into MT (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a012, 07.00\u201310.00\u00a0h) or ET (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a011, 17.00\u201320.00\u00a0h) groups. Both groups trained for 10\u00a0weeks, 3 times\/week, cycling for 45\u00a0min at moderate intensity. Beat\u2010to\u2010beat blood pressure (finger photoplethysmography), heart rate (electrocardiography) and MSNA (microneurography) were assessed at the initial and final phases of the study at baseline and during sequential bolus infusions of sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine (modified\u2010Oxford technique) to evaluate cardiac and sympathetic BRS. Mean blood pressure decreased significantly after ET but not after MT (\u22129 \u00b1 11 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. \u22121 \u00b1 8\u00a0mmHg, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.042). MSNA decreased significantly only after ET with no change after MT (\u221212 \u00b1 5 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. \u22123 \u00b1 7 bursts\/100\u00a0heart beats, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.013). Sympathetic BRS improved after ET but not after MT (\u22120.8 \u00b1 0.7 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 0.0 \u00b1 0.8 bursts\/100 heart beats\/mmHg, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.052). Cardiac BRS improved similarly in both groups (ET: +1.7 \u00b1 1.8 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. MT: +1.4 \u00b1 1.9\u00a0ms\/mmHg, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>phase<\/jats:sub>\u00a0\u2264 0.001). In elderly patients treated for hypertension, only ET decreased mean blood pressure and MSNA and improved sympathetic BRS. These findings revealed that the sympathetic nervous system has a key role in ET's superiority to MT in blood pressure\u2010lowering effect.\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp15963-gra-0001-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Reducing muscle nerve sympathetic activity and increasing sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity plays a key role in promoting the greater blood pressure reduction observed with evening training.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>These findings indicated that simply changing the timing of exercise training may offer additional benefits beyond antihypertensive medications, such as protection against sympathetic overdrive and loss of baroreflex sensitivity, independent markers of mortality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Our new findings also suggest new avenues of investigation, such as the possibility that evening aerobic training may be beneficial in other clinical conditions with sympathetic overdrive, such as congestive heart failure and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp285966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T18:54:03Z","timestamp":1708455243000},"page":"1049-1063","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Evening but not morning aerobic training improves sympathetic activity and baroreflex sensitivity in elderly patients with treated hypertension"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"602","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9902-7390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro C.","family":"Brito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Hemodynamic Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences Oregon Health &amp; Science University  Portland OR USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luan M.","family":"Azev\u00eado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Hemodynamic Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5756-0493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graziela","family":"Amaro\u2010Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Autonomic Control of Circulation, School of Physical Education and Sport University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis R.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Hemodynamic Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natan D.","family":"da Silva Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Hemodynamic Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3001-1715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John R.","family":"Halliwill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology University of Oregon  Eugene OR USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4134-6126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria U. 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