{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T12:05:37Z","timestamp":1782907537724,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fluid intelligence (G<jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic>) involves rational thinking skills and requires the integration of information from different cortical regions to resolve novel complex problems. The effects of non\u2010invasive brain stimulation on G<jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic> have been studied in attempts to improve G<jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic>, but such studies are rare and the few existing have reached conflicting conclusions. The parieto\u2010frontal integration theory of intelligence (P\u2010FIT) postulates that the parietal and frontal lobes play a critical role in G<jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic>. To investigate the suggested role of parietal cortices, we applied high\u2010definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD\u2010tDCS) to the left and right parietal cortices of 39 healthy adults (age 19\u201333\u00a0years) for 20\u00a0min in three separate sessions (left active, right active and sham). After completing the stimulation session, the participants completed a logical reasoning task based on Raven's Progressive Matrices during magnetoencephalography. Significant neural responses at the sensor level across all stimulation conditions were imaged using a beamformer. Whole\u2010brain, spectrally constrained functional connectivity was then computed to examine the network\u2010level activity. Behaviourally, we found that participants were significantly more accurate following left compared to right parietal stimulation. Regarding neural findings, we found significant HD\u2010tDCS montage\u2010related effects in brain networks thought to be critical for P\u2010FIT, including parieto\u2010occipital, fronto\u2010occipital, fronto\u2010parietal and occipito\u2010cerebellar connectivity during task performance. In conclusion, our findings showed that left parietal stimulation improved abstract reasoning abilities relative to right parietal stimulation and support both P\u2010FIT and the neural efficiency hypothesis.\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp16098-gra-0001-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Abstract reasoning is a critical component of fluid intelligence and is known to be served by multispectral oscillatory activity in the fronto\u2010parietal cortices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Recent studies have aimed to improve abstract reasoning abilities and fluid intelligence overall through behavioural training, but the results have been mixed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>High\u2010definition transcranial direct\u2010current stimulation (HD\u2010tDCS) applied to the parietal cortices modulated task performance and neural oscillations during abstract reasoning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Left parietal stimulation resulted in increased accuracy and decreased functional connectivity between occipital regions and frontal, parietal, and cerebellar regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Future studies should investigate whether HD\u2010tDCS alters abstract reasoning abilities in those who exhibit declines in performance, such as healthy ageing populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp286004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T15:50:10Z","timestamp":1715961010000},"page":"2917-2930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Neuromodulatory effects of parietal high\u2010definition transcranial direct\u2010current stimulation on network\u2010level activity serving fluid intelligence"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"602","author":[{"given":"Tara D.","family":"Erker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Neuroscience Boys Town National Research Hospital  Boys Town Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasra","family":"Arif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Neuroscience Boys Town National Research Hospital  Boys Town Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason A.","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Neuroscience Boys Town National Research Hospital  Boys Town Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Embury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Neuroscience Boys Town National Research Hospital  Boys Town Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kennedy A.","family":"Kress","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Neuroscience Boys Town National Research Hospital  Boys Town Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth D.","family":"Springer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Neuroscience Boys Town National Research Hospital  Boys Town Nebraska USA"},{"name":"College of Medicine University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)  Omaha Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah J.","family":"Okelberry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Neuroscience Boys Town National Research Hospital  Boys Town Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8756-7474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kellen M.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Neuroscience Boys Town National Research Hospital  Boys Town Nebraska USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology &amp; 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