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The response properties of different SGNs diverge to represent a wide range of sound intensities in an action\u2010potential code. This biophysical heterogeneity is established during pre\u2010hearing stages of development, a time when IHCs fire spontaneous Ca\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      action potentials that drive glutamate release from their ribbon synapses onto the SGN terminals. The role of spontaneous IHC activity in the refinement of SGN characteristics is still largely unknown. Using pre\u2010hearing\n                      <jats:italic>otoferlin<\/jats:italic>\n                      knockout mice (\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        Otof\n                        <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      ), in which Ca\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2010dependent exocytosis in IHCs is abolished, we found that developing SGNs fail to upregulate low\u2010voltage\u2010activated K\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2010channels and hyperpolarisation\u2010activated cyclic\u2010nucleotide\u2010gated channels. This delayed maturation resulted in hyperexcitable SGNs with immature firing characteristics. We have also shown that SGNs that synapse with the pillar side of the IHCs selectively express a resurgent K\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      current, highlighting a novel biophysical marker for these neurons. RNA\u2010sequencing showed that several K\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      channels are downregulated in\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        Otof\n                        <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      mice, further supporting the electrophysiological recordings. Our data demonstrate that spontaneous Ca\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2010dependent activity in pre\u2010hearing IHCs regulates some of the key biophysical and molecular features of the developing SGNs.\n                      <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                        <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp16329-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                          <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                        <\/jats:graphic>\n                      <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\n                            Ca\n                            <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                            \u2010dependent exocytosis in inner hair cells (IHCs) is otoferlin\u2010dependent as early as postnatal day 1.\n                          <\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>A lack of otoferlin in IHCs affects potassium channel expression in SGNs.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The absence of otoferlin is associated with SGN hyperexcitability.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We propose that type I spiral ganglion neuron functional maturation depends on IHC exocytosis.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n           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