{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T01:31:43Z","timestamp":1787967103394,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GTN 2019404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GTN 2019404"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN\u201020220\u201005760"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN\u201020220\u201005760"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Microneurographic recordings of the human cervical vagus nerve have revealed the presence of multi\u2010unit neural activity with measurable cardiac rhythmicity. This suggests that the physiology of vagal neurones with cardiovascular regulatory function can be studied using this method. Here, the activity of cardiac rhythmic single units was discriminated from human cervical vagus nerve recordings using template\u2010based waveform matching. The activity of 44 cardiac rhythmic neurones (22 with myelinated axons and 22 with unmyelinated axons) was isolated. By consideration of each unit's firing pattern with respect to the cardiac and respiratory cycles, the functional identification of each unit was attempted. Of note is the observation of seven cardiac rhythmic neurones with myelinated axons whose activity was recruited or enhanced by slow, deep breathing, was maximal during the nadir of respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and showed an expiratory peak. This is characteristic of cardioinhibitory efferent neurones, which are responsible for respiratory sinus arrhythmia. The remaining 15 cardiac rhythmic neurones with myelinated axons were categorised as cardiopulmonary receptors or arterial baroreceptors based on the position of their peak in firing with respect to the R\u2010wave of the cardiac cycle. This latter method is not viable for neurones with unmyelinated axons due to their slow and unknown conduction velocities. With the exception of three neurones whose expiratory modulation implicates them as cardiac\u2010projecting efferent neurones, this population is likely dominated by arterial baroreceptors. In conclusion, the activity of single units with cardiovascular function has been discriminated within the human cervical vagus, enabling their systematic study.\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp16241-gra-0001-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Recordings of the electrical activity of the vagus nerve have recently been made at the level of the neck in humans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Examination of the gross activity of this nerve reveals subpopulations of neurones whose activity fluctuates in time with the heart's beat, suggesting that the neurones that monitor or modify cardiac function can be studied using this method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Here, the activity of individual cardiac rhythmic neurones was isolated from human vagus nerve recordings using template\u2010based spike sorting. The relationship between this activity and the cardiac and respiratory cycles was used as a means of classifying each neurone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Neuronal firing patterns that are consistent with that of neurones that modify cardiac function, including heart\u2010slowing \u2018cardioinhibitory\u2019 neurones, as well as neurones that inform the brain of cardiovascular status were observed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>This approach enables, for the first time, the systematic study of the function of these neurones in humans in both health and disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp286423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T16:03:57Z","timestamp":1727280237000},"page":"1941-1958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Firing properties of single axons with cardiac rhythmicity in the human cervical vagus nerve"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"603","author":[{"given":"David G. 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