{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:13:21Z","timestamp":1790745201088,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Studies have shown cerebrovascular dysfunction in offspring with full\u2010gestational electronic cigarette (Ecig) exposure, but little is known about how individual trimester exposure impacts offspring health. This study aimed to determine if there is a critical window during gestation that contributes to vascular and anxiety\u2010like behavioural changes seen with full\u2010term exposure. To test this, rats were time\u2010mated, and the pregnant dams were randomly assigned to Ecig exposure during first trimester (gestational day, GD2\u20137), second trimester (GD8\u201314), third trimester (GD15\u201321) or full\u2010term gestation (GD2\u201321). We also assessed the effect of maternal preconception exposure. Both male and female offspring from all maternal exposure conditions were compared to offspring from dams under ambient air (control) conditions. Ecig exposure consisted of 60\u2010puffs\/day (5\u00a0days\/week) using either 5 or 30\u00a0watts for each respective exposure group. We found that maternal exposure to Ecig in the second and third trimesters resulted in a decrease (23\u201338%) in vascular reactivity of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) reactivity in 3\u2010 and 6\u2010month\u2010old offspring compared to Air offspring. Further, the severity of impairment was comparable to the full\u2010term exposure (31\u201346%). Offspring also displayed changes in body composition, body mass, anxiety\u2010like behaviour and locomotor activity, indicating that Ecigs influence neurodevelopment and metabolism. Maternal preconception exposure showed no impact on offspring body mass, anxiety\u2010like behaviour, or vascular function. Thus, the critical exposure window where Ecig affects vascular development in offspring occurs during mid\u2010 to late\u2010gestation in pregnancy, and both 5\u00a0W and 30\u00a0W exposure produce significant vascular dysfunction compared to Air.\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp16232-gra-0001-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Exposure to electronic cigarettes (Ecigs) is known to increase risk factors for cardiovascular disease in both animals and humans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Maternal Ecig use during pregnancy in rodents is found to impair the vascular health of adolescent and adult offspring, but the critical gestation window for Ecig\u2010induced vascular impairment is not known.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>This study demonstrates Ecig exposure during mid\u2010 and late\u2010gestation (i.e. second or third trimester) results in impaired endothelial cell\u2010mediated dilatation (i.e. middle cerebral artery reactivity) and alters anxiety\u2010like behaviour in offspring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Maternal exposure prior to conception did not impact offspring's vascular or anxiety\u2010like behavioural outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Rodent models have been a reliable and useful predictor of inhalation\u2010induced harm to humans. These data indicate maternal use of Ecigs during pregnancy should not be considered safe, and begin to inform clinicians and women about potential long\u2010term harm to their offspring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp286493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T17:54:26Z","timestamp":1722966866000},"page":"4271-4289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Influence of gestational window on offspring vascular health in rodents with <i>in utero<\/i> exposure to electronic cigarettes"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"602","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8898-7780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amber","family":"Mills","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology West Virginia University School of Medicine  Morgantown WV USA"},{"name":"Center for Inhalation Toxicology West Virginia University School of Medicine  Morgantown WV USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney","family":"Nassabeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Exercise Physiology West Virginia University School of Medicine  Morgantown WV USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audra","family":"Hurley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Exercise Physiology West Virginia University School of Medicine  Morgantown WV USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lainey","family":"Shouldis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis West Virginia University School of Medicine  Morgantown WV USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6960-9728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul D.","family":"Chantler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Exercise Physiology West Virginia University School of Medicine  Morgantown WV USA"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience West Virginia University School of Medicine  Morgantown WV USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duaa","family":"Dakhlallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine West Virginia University School of Medicine  Morgantown WV USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3505-9945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I. 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