{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:47:22Z","timestamp":1791568042901,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Glutamic acid\u2010rich protein 2 (GARP2), a glutamic\u2010acid\u2010rich protein found exclusively in rod photoreceptors, has been suggested to function as a structural protein, a modulator of the cGMP enzyme phosphodiesterase type 6 (PDE6), and a gating inhibitor of the rod cGMP\u2010gated cation channel. GARP2 is a splice variant of the\n                      <jats:italic>Cngb1<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene, which in the rods encodes the \u03b2\u2010subunit of the cyclic nucleotide\u2010gated cation channel. Mutations in\n                      <jats:italic>Cngb1<\/jats:italic>\n                      cause retinitis pigmentosa (RP45), and \u03b2\u2010subunit knockout mice are studied as models of this disease. In this work, using zinc finger nuclease\u2010mediated gene editing, we have selectively eliminated GARP2 expression, while not affecting expression of the cyclic nucleotide gated cation channel \u03b2\u2010subunit, to determine its essential functions in mouse rods. The absence of GARP2 caused no consistent perturbations of retinal structure. Transiently, rod outer segment length was regionally greater than wild\u2010type and infrequently misaligned, appearing parallel to the retinal pigment epithelium. Electroretinography of the knockout mice did reveal consistent functional alterations over time, seen as a reduction in the electroretinography response amplitudes in older mice, albeit with no significant alterations in sensitivity to light. Interestingly, single\u2010cell patch\u2010clamp recordings showed a significant reduction in rod photoreceptor dark noise consistent with a previously proposed role for GARP2 in binding to PDE6 and affecting its basal activity. Our results suggest a role for the GARP2\u2013PDE6 interaction in stabilizing the PDE6 enzyme and controlling the turnover rate of cGMP in darkness, adjusting the level of dark noise and implicating an influence on the signal and noise properties of rod photoreceptors.\n                      <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                        <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp70233-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                          <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                        <\/jats:graphic>\n                      <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\n                            Glutamic acid\u2010rich protein 2 (GARP2), an alternatively spliced variant of the\n                            <jats:italic>Cngb1<\/jats:italic>\n                            gene, is exclusively expressed in rod photoreceptors, but the\n                            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                            role of GARP2 remains unestablished.\n                          <\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We used precision gene editing technology to selectively knockout soluble GARP2 expression in rods, to determine its essential roles in structure and function of the retina.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We show that GARP2 has a minor role in maintaining the structural integrity of the rod outer segments as a function of age.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Our study indicates that GARP2 has an important role in regulating rod photoreceptor continuous noise, likely through stabilization of phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6) basal activity to maintain the appropriate cGMP turnover rate.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>This regulation is critical to facilitate the single\u2010photon sensitivity and function of the rod photoreceptors.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp286548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T06:17:22Z","timestamp":1764137842000},"page":"460-478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Selective knockout of murine glutamic acid\u2010rich protein 2 significantly alters dark continuous noise in rod photoreceptors"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"604","author":[{"given":"Delores A.","family":"Stacks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Vision Science Research Center University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham AL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulisse","family":"Bocchero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photoreceptor Physiology Group, National Eye Institute National Institutes of Health  Bethesda MD 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