{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T01:40:07Z","timestamp":1789609207079,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) targets subcutaneous axons in the auricular branch of the vagus nerve at the outer ear. Its non\u2010invasive nature makes it a potential treatment for various disorders. taVNS induces neuromodulatory effects within the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), and due to its widespread connectivity, the NTS acts as a gateway to elicit neuromodulation in both higher\u2010order brain regions and other brainstem nuclei (e.g. spinal trigeminal nucleus; Sp5). Our objective was to examine stimulation parameters on single\u2010neuron electrophysiological responses in \u03b1\u2010chloralose\u2010anaesthetized Sprague\u2013Dawley rats within NTS and Sp5. taVNS was also compared to traditional cervical VNS (cVNS) on single neuronal activation. Specifically, electrophysiological extracellular recordings were evaluated for a range of frequency and intensity parameters (20\u2013250\u00a0Hz, 0.5\u20131.0\u00a0mA). Neurons were classified as positive, negative or non\u2010responders based on increased activity, decreased activity or no response during stimulation, respectively. Frequency\u2010dependent analysis showed that 20 and 100\u00a0Hz generated the highest proportion of positive responders in NTS and Sp5 with 1.0\u00a0mA intensities eliciting the greatest magnitude of response. Comparisons between taVNS and cVNS revealed similar parameter\u2010specific activation for caudal NTS neuronal populations; however, individual neurons showed different activation profiles. The latter suggests that cVNS and taVNS send afferent input to NTS via different neuronal pathways. This study demonstrates differential parameter\u2010specific taVNS responses and begins an investigation of the mechanisms responsible for taVNS modulation. Understanding the neuronal pathways responsible for eliciting neuromodulatory effects will enable more tailored taVNS treatments in various clinical disorders.\n                      <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                        <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp16209-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                          <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                        <\/jats:graphic>\n                      <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) offers a non\u2010invasive alternative to invasive cervical vagus nerve stimulation (cVNS) by activating vagal afferents in the ear to induce neuromodulation.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Our study evaluated taVNS effects on neuronal firing patterns in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and spinal trigeminal nucleus (Sp5) and found that 20 and 100\u00a0Hz notably increased neuronal activity during stimulation in both nuclei.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Increasing taVNS intensity not only increased the number of neurons responding in Sp5 but also increased the magnitude of response, suggesting a heightened sensitivity to taVNS compared to NTS.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Comparisons between cVNS and taVNS revealed similar overall activation but different responses on individual neurons, indicating distinct neural pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>These results show parameter\u2010specific and nuclei\u2010specific responses to taVNS and confirm that taVNS can elicit responses comparable to cVNS at the neuronal level, but it does so through different neuronal pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp286680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T11:34:31Z","timestamp":1721388871000},"page":"4027-4052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Brainstem neuronal responses to transcutaneous auricular and cervical vagus nerve stimulation in rats"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"602","author":[{"given":"Misty M.","family":"Owens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine East Tennessee State University  Johnson City TN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8485-8738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Jacquemet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Montreal  Montreal Quebec Canada"},{"name":"Research Center Sacred Heart Hospital of Montreal  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vitaly","family":"Napadow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Harvard Medical School  Boston MA 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