{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:29:17Z","timestamp":1781224157307,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Multiplexed visual coding by retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) has gained much support. Mouse transient OFF alpha RGCs (tOFF\u03b1 RGCs) are excellent subjects to study this issue as they form direct RGC\u2013RGC gap junctions (GJs) that serve spike synchronization, population coding and likely information multiplexing. In addition, tOFF\u03b1 RGCs maintain GJs with a population of wide\u2010field amacrine cells (ACs) that have been suspected to mediate an additional, loose medium\u2010scale correlation of tOFF\u03b1 RGC spikes. However, the spatial and temporal constraints of the GJ\u2010mediated AC\u2013RGC signalling have yet to be tested directly via a combination of morphological and functional approaches. Here we show that AC\u2010mediated medium\u2010scale spike correlations are strongly related to spike bursts. On the other hand, our data also show that coupled ACs\u2019 somata form spatially separated clusters each overlapping with only a single tOFF\u03b1 RGC dendritic arbour suggesting the existence of GJ\u2010coupled tOFF\u03b1 RGC\u2013AC functional units. This finding seemingly argues against the hypothesis that ACs distribute common noise for burst\u2010based medium\u2010scale RGC spike correlations. However, we also found a high incidence of AC\u2013AC GJ connections thereby forming the morphological substrate for the interconnection of functional units to correlate spike bursts on a medium time scale. These data thus suggest that besides encoding visual information by a single cell, tOFF\u03b1 RGCs utilize RGC\u2013RGC GJs to directly connect RGCs as well as AC\u2013AC GJs to interconnect tOFF\u03b1 RGC functional units to mediate two forms of population codes via precise spike synchronization and loose burst correlations, respectively.\n                      <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                        <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp16584-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                          <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                        <\/jats:graphic>\n                      <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Approach detector retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their electrically coupled amacrine cells (ACs) show morphological attributes of functional units.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>These coupled ACs and RGCs share their main excitatory drive.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>RGC\u2013AC gap junctions underlie the generation of RGC action potential bursts.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>AC\u2013AC gap junctions interconnect neighbouring RGC functional units to correlate spike bursts and underlie medium\u2010scale spike correlations.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>These results broaden our understanding of feature detection mechanisms in the retinal circuitry, the prerequisite of next generation retina prostheses.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp287699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T19:41:14Z","timestamp":1740598874000},"page":"6581-6598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Homologous amacrine to amacrine gap junction coupling serves communication between neighbour OFF alpha retinal ganglion 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