{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T09:38:55Z","timestamp":1790242735864,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Macrophages chronically exposed to saturated fatty acids, such as those encountered in adipose tissue, present a pro\u2010inflammatory phenotype with a characteristic foamy morphology. This feature is caused by the excess uptake of circulating lipids, yielding large cytoplasmic lipid bodies formed by triacylglycerols and cholesteryl derivatives. Palmitic acid (PA) is a potent inflammatory inducer in macrophages after chronic exposure to this fatty acid. However, acute exposure to this fatty acid is unable to activate a pro\u2010inflammatory phenotype, although it is sufficient to induce metabolic reprogramming including the formation of small lipid bodies. In the present study, we used an\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      model of human monocyte\u2010derived macrophages to unravel the early stages of metabolic reprogramming observed in macrophages exposed to PA. We observed that partial inhibition of the glycerol 3\u2010phosphate shuttle is necessary for supplying glycerol 3\u2010phosphate for triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Furthermore, we characterized an alternative pathway to increase the concentration of glycerol 3\u2010phosphate involving an aquaporin and glycerol kinase. Our results suggested that early lipid bodies biogenesis rises as a response mechanism to buffer excessive PA without inducing a pro\u2010inflammatory program. Additionally, we observed that macrophages chronically exposed to PA eventually upregulate the production of inflammatory cytokines. Finally, our\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      observations were confirmed in adipose tissue macrophages derived from a preclinical mouse model of cardiometabolic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction characterized by heightened adiposity and inflammation.\n                      <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                        <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp16569-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                          <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                        <\/jats:graphic>\n                      <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The glycerol 3\u2010phosphate shuttle is partially inhibited in palmitic acid\u2010activated macrophages.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Aquaporin 3 expression is upregulated in macrophages exposed to palmitic acid and in adipose tissue macrophages from a murine model of cardiometabolic heart failure.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Aquaporin 3 participates in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols by supplying extracellular glycerol.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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