{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T03:53:45Z","timestamp":1780372425864,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inspiratory\u2010related genioglossus EMG activity is crucial to maintain upper airway patency. However, whether this activity differs between the oblique (middle) and horizontal (base) compartments or if they vary in people with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is unknown. Here, intramuscular electrodes were inserted into the anterior and posterior regions of the horizontal and oblique genioglossal compartments in nine controls [apnoea\u2013hypopnoea index (AHI)\u00a0\u2264\u00a05 events\/h] and 45 OSA participants (AHI range 5\u201394.3 events\/h). Multiunit EMG patterns were categorised as phasic (respiratory modulation) or tonic (no respiratory modulation) during nasal breathing in awake, supine participants. The effects of OSA status and genioglossus compartments were assessed through linear mixed models, controlling for nadir epiglottic pressure (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>epi<\/jats:sub>) and repeated measures within participants. Phasic patterns occurred in 57.6% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0106\/184) of compartments. Within phasic compartments, log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\u2010transformed peak, phasic and tonic EMG (% maximum) were higher in the oblique than in the horizontal compartments. Additionally, more pronounced negative <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>epi<\/jats:sub> correlated with increased log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\u2010transformed phasic EMG in the anterior oblique (beta\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.075, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.002) and posterior oblique compartments (beta\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.080, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.027), but not in the horizontal compartments. Effects of OSA severity on activity patterns or EMG measurements were not significant. To conclude, the genioglossus exhibited regional (oblique\u2013horizontal) variation in neural drive during awake inspiration. This compartmental activity appears to be driven by reflex activation in the oblique compartments, which increase phasic EMG. People with and without OSA have similar drive during wakefulness. Understanding the mechanisms driving efficient genioglossus dilatory activity is essential to develop targeted treatments for OSA that focus on pharyngeal muscle activity.\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp16686-gra-0001-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Inspiratory genioglossus multiunit EMG activity is thought to vary across different neuromuscular compartments. However, it remains unclear whether obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) affects this compartmental variability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>During quiet nasal breathing in awake supine individuals, inspiratory genioglossus EMG normalised to maximum EMG was measured in four genioglossus neuromuscular compartments in individuals with and without OSA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Both tonic (no respiratory modulation, 42%) and phasic (respiratory modulation, 58%) activity patterns were observed during breathing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>When a genioglossus compartment showed phasic activity, peak, phasic and tonic EMG activities were higher in the oblique than in the horizontal compartments. Furthermore, greater phasic activity was associated with a more negative nadir epiglottic pressure only in the oblique compartments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>There was no additive effect of OSA severity on top of the more negative nadir epiglottic pressure, suggesting people with and without OSA received similar drive during inspiration during wakefulness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp287943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T12:20:52Z","timestamp":1744719652000},"page":"2877-2893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Compartmental inspiratory genioglossus electromyographic activity in supine, awake individuals with and without obstructive sleep apnoea"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"603","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4136-8069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauriane","family":"Jug\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter G. R.","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Macquarie University  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9705-2450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jade","family":"Yeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0829-5934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona","family":"Knapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Prince of Wales Hospital  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9156-0534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3503-2363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danny J.","family":"Eckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute Flinders University  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5834-8152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane E.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynne E.","family":"Bilston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and IHealthE University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2007.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6576"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00539.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10112566"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2812"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2007.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00083.2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01103.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.279240"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.156430"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00413.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S143296"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200211000-00032"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01017.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201303-0448OC"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","first-page":"S37","article-title":"Control of the pharyngeal musculature during wakefulness and sleep: Implications in normal controls and sleep apnea","volume":"33","author":"Edwards B. 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P.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology\u2010Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00975.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00478.2021"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/JP287943","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T05:35:23Z","timestamp":1748324123000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1113\/JP287943"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1113\/JP287943"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jp287943","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3751","1469-7793"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3751","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7793","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}