{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T15:47:38Z","timestamp":1790351258186,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN\u20102017\u201003904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN\u20102017\u201003904"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["232838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["232838"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Age\u2010related diseases are becoming more prominent as the lifespan of the global population rises. Many of these diseases coincide with each other and can even influence the onset of additional comorbidities. Sarcopenic obesity is described as age\u2010related loss of muscle mass that concurs with excessive weight gain and tends to increase the risk of comorbidity development, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Though the exact link between sarcopenic obesity and AD is not known, this review explores the possibility that reduced levels of brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) throughout the body may serve as the underlying commonality. In AD, reductions in BDNF signalling through its receptor promote the activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3\u03b2), which subsequently increases the production of amyloid beta (A\u03b2) peptides and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). In the skeletal muscle, lower BDNF concentrations are linked to impaired muscle fibre repair and regeneration, increasing the likelihood of sarcopenia. Furthermore, the absence of BDNF impairs mitochondrial function, leading to insulin resistance and increased adiposity. BDNF concentration has a negative relationship with obesogenic markers in adipose tissue, and as such, lower concentrations of BDNF lead to weight gain. Collectively, current literature suggests that BDNF attenuates AD pathology while improving skeletal muscle mitochondrial function, whole\u2010body insulin resistance and facilitating adipocyte browning. Therefore, BDNF may be a viable target for multiple age\u2010related diseases, but more research is required to substantiate this claim, with a particular focus on examining any potential influence of biological sex, as women are at a higher risk for both AD and sarcopenic obesity.\n                    <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                      <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp16545-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                        <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                      <\/jats:graphic>\n                    <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp288032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T14:49:16Z","timestamp":1739371756000},"page":"2400-2410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The link between sarcopenic obesity and Alzheimer's disease: a brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor point of view"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"604","author":[{"given":"Emily N.","family":"Copeland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology Brock University  St. Catharines ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Brock University  St. Catharines ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4587-7191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul J.","family":"LeBlanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Brock University  St. Catharines ON Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Bone and Muscle Health Brock University  St. Catharines ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1695-8147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Duarte\u2010Guterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Brock University  St. Catharines ON Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Neurosciences Brock University  St. Catharines ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4500-3347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Val A.","family":"Fajardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology Brock University  St. Catharines ON Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Bone and Muscle Health Brock University  St. Catharines ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1577-2658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca E. K.","family":"MacPherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Brock University  St. Catharines ON Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Neurosciences Brock University  St. Catharines ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2021.1985257"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1040381"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1996.67020699.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.665867"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00204"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01207.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180141"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del479"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988710383571"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10010031"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816x.2001.01825.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2773-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39828-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34278-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2015.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e10-02-0154"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01883"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2020.101388"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.107.6.926"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70298-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-014-0281-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15833-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.01030.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22802"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Microtubule\u2010associated polypeptides tau are altered in Alzheimer paired helical filaments","volume":"464","author":"Grundke\u2010Iqbal I.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01249-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbrainres.2004.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2005-539"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.95"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020494"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.892749"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021140"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00146"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2018.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)92134-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(89)80437-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2011.00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1207767109"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270659"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2016.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2017.58.3.479"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.6.1290"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12030258"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2018.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/whr.2021.0119"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-001-0349-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-023-01163-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000140292.04932.87"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI64516"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/139239"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2012.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1364-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14089"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.653267"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207885"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5398-05.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15182"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142889"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npjamd.2015.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020257"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093165"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-020-03031-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00710"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2019.110801"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000517461"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11081"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4736-08.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6147426"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030378"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.917527"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_79_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Sedentary behavior, physical inactivity, abdominal obesity and obesity in adults and older adults: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"50","author":"Silveira E. A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical Nutrition European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pjnns.2016.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.24.11110"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2015.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00240-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2015.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_85_1","first-page":"835","article-title":"Relationship between sarcopenia and physical activity in older people: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"12","author":"Steffl M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Central Intelligence Agency"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2020.02.57"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-022-01097-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5463-03.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.3.555"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23897"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38446.466238.E0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1510"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_93_1","unstructured":"WorldHealthOrganization. (2024).Ageing and Health.https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/ageing\u2010and\u2010health"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.63"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aau1468"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-05-01532.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.047353"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/JP288032","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1113\/JP288032","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/JP288032","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T07:17:48Z","timestamp":1773818268000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1113\/JP288032"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1113\/JP288032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jp288032","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3751","1469-7793"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3751","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7793","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}