{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T02:08:22Z","timestamp":1790906902516,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PG\/14\/15\/30691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PG\/14\/15\/30691"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Muscle oxygenation critically depends on capillary number and distribution within a tissue. Despite the development of numerous morphometric indices to quantify these attributes, many lack sensitivity or validation against local oxygen tension () in muscle fibres, leading to uncertainty about their physiological relevance and utility for gauging adaptive changes. We assessed six local supply indices to determine which best correlated with and predicted calculated fibre , using high\u2010throughput histological analysis and image\u2010based computational modelling of oxygen transport on digitised rat tibialis anterior sections: capillary contacts (CC\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      ), individual capillary\u2010to\u2010fibre ratio (C:F\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      ), capillary\u2010to\u2010fibre perimeter exchange (CFPE\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      ), local capillary\u2010to\u2010fibre ratio (LCFR\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      ), local capillary density (LCD\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and a novel index, D\n                      <jats:sub>max,<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      , which averages the maximum diffusion distances from capillary domains that overlap a fibre. LCD\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      and D\n                      <jats:sub>max,<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      exhibited the strongest correlations with fibre  (linear correlation: 0.8874 and \u22120.9054, respectively;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001). Distance\u2010correlation analysis confirmed both indices as robust predictors of fibre oxygenation (distance correlation: 0.85 and 0.79, respectively;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001), demonstrating their ability to capture a curvilinear relationship that plateaus as mean fibre  approaches the capillary source  (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001). Partial least squares and tree\u2010ensemble regressions further identified both indices as the most sensitive and critical predictors of fibre  (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), suggesting they are less likely to miss early pathophysiological or adaptive responses. These findings support the use of theoretically validated morphometric indices in research and clinical applications, to enhance understanding of fundamental muscle physiology and improve the diagnosis and treatment of muscle\u2010related pathology.\n                      <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                        <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp70267-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                          <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                        <\/jats:graphic>\n                      <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Assessing muscle oxygenation is fundamental to understanding muscle function and its adaptive or pathological responses.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\n                            Many indices are used to describe capillary O\n                            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                            supply in skeletal muscle, but their physiological relevance in assessing local oxygenation remains uncertain.\n                          <\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Using computational modelling of oxygen transport and machine learning, we evaluated six supply indices for their sensitivity in predicting fibre .<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\n                            Area\u2010based indices (LCD\n                            <jats:italic>\n                              <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                            <\/jats:italic>\n                            and D\n                            <jats:sub>max,<\/jats:sub>\n                            <jats:italic>\n                              <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                            <\/jats:italic>\n                            ) were identified as the most robust predictors of oxygenation and therefore better descriptors of pathophysiological and adaptive responses.\n                          <\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>These findings are expected to improve both research and clinical assessments of muscle health, streamlining methodologies and enhancing the diagnostic potential for muscle\u2010related pathologies.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp288043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T13:55:48Z","timestamp":1764942948000},"page":"8219-8236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Utility of local capillary supply indices: Insights from computational image\u2010based modelling"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"604","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4512-1151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah A.","family":"Al\u2010Shammari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences Kuwait University  Shidadiya Kuwait"},{"name":"Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI)  Dasman Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9385-2584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger W. 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